Spatial Design

Spatial Design (visionOS)

The design rules that make a visionOS app comfortable instead of exhausting — distilled from

Apple's spatial-design sessions (WWDC23–26). Widget-specific rules live in visionos/widgets;

custom immersive-environment production and budgets live in immersive-environments.md.

When This Skill Activates

• Designing or reviewing a visionOS app, window, volume, or immersive space
• "Users say it's tiring / uncomfortable / hard to hit controls"
• Porting an iPad app and deciding what should become spatial
• Adding hover effects, custom gestures, environments, or spatial audio
• Choosing a video experience format (spatial, 180°, 360°, wide-FOV, Apple Immersive)

The prime directive: find the key moment

Don't window a 2D app. Identify the one thing only possible on visionOS — the "key moment" —

and build around it. Immersion has three approaches, and full immersion is not mandatory:

full environments · integration with real surroundings (scene sensing) · meaningful audio.

Layout & ergonomics

• Wide beats tall — layouts match the human field of view; turning the head left/right is

easier than up/down. Center = primary content; edges = secondary, infrequent actions.

• Default placement sits along the natural line of sight, a bit further than arm's reach;

extended reading goes farther out, centered and slightly below eye line.

• Design in points, not meters — dynamic scale keeps windows legible at any distance

(they scale up as they move away). Never fixed scale for UI; keep custom UI facing the viewer.

• Depth is hierarchy, used sparingly — "prefer subtle depth" (a modal pushes its parent

back). Keep text flat; 3D text is hard to read at an angle.

• Glass, never solid window backgrounds — solid colors block the world, don't adapt to

lighting, and "can feel constricting." Elements on glass use vibrancy + white text/symbols;

system colors over custom (they're calibrated for legibility). Brand color goes in

backgrounds or whole buttons, not glyphs.

• Typography runs heavier than iOS: body = medium (vs regular), titles = bold (vs

semibold), slightly increased tracking. Avoid small/lightweight custom fonts.

• Component specs: vertical tab bar fixed left, ≤6 items, expands on gaze · ornaments

overlap the window's bottom edge by 20pt, borderless buttons inside · sheets appear

centered at the parent's Z while the parent dims and pushes back · nested corners concentric

(outer radius = inner + padding).

• SwiftUI spatial layout: stacks default to .back depth alignment — switch to .front when

content should read toward the viewer; rotation3DLayout (not rotation3DEffect) when

rotation must affect layout; SpatialContainer/spatialOverlay for shared 3D space;

scaledToFit3D() for models.

Input: eyes target, hands confirm

• Every interactive element gets ≥60pt of total target area (≈2.5°, ~4.4cm at 1m) — the

element can be smaller if surrounding spacing makes up the difference. Standard buttons:

44pt + ≥8pt clearance; stacked buttons ≥16pt apart; list rows 4pt padding so hover

effects don't overlap.

• Keep interactive content at one depth — frequent focus-depth changes cause eye strain.
• Eye-target shapes: circles, pills, rounded rectangles; no sharp edges or thick outlines;

center text/glyphs with generous padding.

• Every interactive element needs a hover effect — and only interactive elements get one

(never read-only data). Hover runs out-of-process: gaze stays private until a gesture.

• Hover rules (WWDC24/25): keep it subtle (a 5% scale is the reference); short delays prevent

flicker (reveal effects: ~0.8s in / 0.2s out); effects start from a visible element — no

invisible hotspots; high-traffic controls (toolbars, table cells) use ONLY the standard

highlight; keep an anchoring element static; respect Reduce Motion (swap for cross-fade).

• Standard gesture language first (pinch = tap, pinch-drag = scroll, two-hand zoom/rotate).

Custom gestures must be explainable, repeatable without fatigue, distinct from system

gestures, and false-positive-tested; map them to real-world actions.

• Prefer interaction at a distance (eyes target, hands rest in lap) for long sessions;

direct touch is for up-close manipulation — compensate for missing tactility (raise buttons,

brighten as the finger approaches, snap state + spatial sound on contact).

• Look-to-scroll only in reading/browsing surfaces, never scan-and-pick lists; auto-hiding

controls should persist while looked at.

Motion & visual comfort (the failure modes)

• Depth cues must agree — size, blur, occlusion, shadow, texture density. Conflicts cause

double vision and fatigue. Beware repeating patterns (eyes lock onto different repeats).

• Vection: large moving content that fills the view reads as self-motion → discomfort.

Make big moving content semitransparent so passthrough anchors the viewer.

• Avoid oscillations around 0.2 Hz (one cycle per 5s); if unavoidable, low amplitude +

semitransparency, and honor Reduce Motion with an oscillation-free alternative.

• No head-locked content; if unavoidable: small, central, far — or lazy-follow.
• Camera motion inside windows: keep the content horizon level with the real horizon; slow,

predictable focus of expansion inside the field of view; never fast pure rotations — cut

with a quick fade instead. Avoid close-range fly-bys.

• Moving the user or the scene: fade out during motion, fade back when settled. Design

stationary-first — the system fades immersive content when people move.

• Eyes rotate most comfortably downward and left/right; upward/diagonal fixation is for brief

interactions only. Slow dark→bright transitions (allow adaptation).

Spatial sound as a design material

• Two layers: point-source emitters (positioned, room-matched reverb is automatic) +

looping ambient surround beds. Even a windowed app may fill the room with a soundscape.

• Randomize repeats — pitch, amplitude, sample choice, position, timing. Nothing loops

audibly from the same spot.

• Mix with distance: a few dB down AND pushed farther away = background.
• Use direction to steer attention (footsteps from the left before an entrance); attach

multiple emitters to characters (feet omnidirectional, mouth directional).

• UI sounds: subtle — heard constantly. Match character/timing to the visual transitions.

Interactive experiences (from Encounter Dinosaurs)

Adapt to the real room (portal up to 4m across in big rooms; set-distance + dimmed passthrough

in tiny ones) · open small and welcoming, onboard that content reacts to people · use head

position for eye contact (proximity signals interactivity; averted attention signals not) ·

consistent interaction rules — inconsistency shatters immersion · pace emotion with low-relief

breaks (nonstop interaction physically exhausts) · gentle in-world boundaries over hard

failures · accessibility is spatial too: VoiceOver, Dwell, captions, audio descriptions,

Dynamic Type.

Video format decision guide

| You want | Use |

|---|---|

| Flat storytelling | 2D/3D/spatial video, windowed or docked (3D needs expanded) |

| "Being there," forward-facing | Stereo 180° (half-equirectangular) |

| Look-anywhere | 360° (equirectangular 2:1, typically mono) |

| Action-cam POV | Wide-FOV APMP (120–180°, parametric lens projection) |

| Premium cinematic immersion | Apple Immersive Video (8160×7200/eye @ 90fps, up to 210°×180°) |

Comfort rule: immersive playback puts the head where the camera was — high-motion scenes

auto-reduce immersion (QuickLook/AVKit/RealityKit); encode stereo as MV-HEVC, never

side-by-side. APMP formats never play inline.

Scene behavior defaults

Prefer scene restoration (windows come back where placed); disable only for transient/welcome

windows (restorationBehavior(.disabled), defaultLaunchBehavior(.suppressed)). Adapt

volumes to walls/tables via surface snapping info (authorization required). Handle Digital

Crown recentering (onWorldRecenter). Progressive immersion with an aspect ratio is a comfort

lever for vertical/high-motion content.

Output Format

Spatial design review:

Area | Finding | Comfort/ergonomic rule violated | Fix

ordered: comfort violations (motion/depth/head-lock) first — they end sessions; then input

targets; then layout polish. Route environment production to immersive-environments.md,

widgets to visionos/widgets.

References

• https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2023/10072/ (Principles of spatial design)
• https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2023/10076/ (Spatial user interfaces)
• https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2023/10073/ (Spatial input)
• https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2023/10078/ (Vision and motion)
• https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2024/10086/ (Design great visionOS apps)
• https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2025/303/ (Hover interactions)
• https://developer.apple.com/videos/play/wwdc2025/304/ (Video experiences)
• https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/designing-for-visionos
• Related: visionos/widgets, design/animation-patterns