Language-independent tokenizer treating text as raw Unicode. Supports BPE and Unigram algorithms. Fast (50k sentences/sec), lightweight (6MB memory), deterministic vocabulary. Used by T5, ALBERT, XLNet, mBART. Train on raw text without pre-tokenization. Use when you need multilingual support, CJK languages, or reproducible tokenization.
npx skills add https://github.com/Orchestra-Research/AI-Research-SKILLs --skill sentencepiece
Unsupervised tokenizer that works on raw text without language-specific preprocessing.
Use SentencePiece when:
Performance:
Use alternatives instead:
# Python
pip install sentencepiece
# C++ (requires CMake)
git clone https://github.com/google/sentencepiece.git
cd sentencepiece
mkdir build && cd build
cmake .. && make -j $(nproc)
sudo make install
# Command-line (BPE with 8000 vocab)
spm_train --input=data.txt --model_prefix=m --vocab_size=8000 --model_type=bpe
# Python API
import sentencepiece as spm
spm.SentencePieceTrainer.train(
input='data.txt',
model_prefix='m',
vocab_size=8000,
model_type='bpe'
)
Training time: ~1-2 minutes for 100MB corpus
import sentencepiece as spm
# Load model
sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor(model_file='m.model')
# Encode to pieces
pieces = sp.encode('This is a test', out_type=str)
print(pieces) # ['▁This', '▁is', '▁a', '▁test']
# Encode to IDs
ids = sp.encode('This is a test', out_type=int)
print(ids) # [284, 47, 11, 1243]
# Decode
text = sp.decode(ids)
print(text) # "This is a test"
text = "Hello world"
pieces = sp.encode(text, out_type=str)
print(pieces) # ['▁Hello', '▁world']
# Decode preserves spaces
decoded = sp.decode_pieces(pieces)
print(decoded) # "Hello world"
Key principle: Treat text as raw Unicode, whitespace = ▁ (meta symbol)
spm.SentencePieceTrainer.train(
input='data.txt',
model_prefix='bpe_model',
vocab_size=16000,
model_type='bpe'
)
Used by: mBART
spm.SentencePieceTrainer.train(
input='data.txt',
model_prefix='unigram_model',
vocab_size=8000,
model_type='unigram'
)
Used by: T5, ALBERT, XLNet
spm.SentencePieceTrainer.train(
input='corpus.txt',
model_prefix='m',
vocab_size=32000,
model_type='unigram',
character_coverage=0.9995, # 1.0 for CJK
user_defined_symbols=['[SEP]', '[CLS]'],
unk_piece='<unk>',
num_threads=16
)
| Language Type | Coverage | Rationale |
|---------------|----------|-----------|
| English | 0.9995 | Most common chars |
| CJK (Chinese) | 1.0 | All characters needed |
| Multilingual | 0.9995 | Balance |
# Sample different tokenizations
for _ in range(3):
pieces = sp.encode('tokenization', out_type=str, enable_sampling=True, alpha=0.1)
print(pieces)
# Output (different each time):
# ['▁token', 'ization']
# ['▁tok', 'en', 'ization']
Use case: Data augmentation for robustness.
spm.SentencePieceTrainer.train(
input='c4_corpus.txt',
model_prefix='t5',
vocab_size=32000,
model_type='unigram',
user_defined_symbols=[f'<extra_id_{i}>' for i in range(100)],
unk_id=2,
eos_id=1,
pad_id=0
)
from transformers import T5Tokenizer
# T5 uses SentencePiece internally
tokenizer = T5Tokenizer.from_pretrained('t5-base')
inputs = tokenizer('translate English to French: Hello', return_tensors='pt')
| Corpus | BPE (16k) | Unigram (8k) |
|--------|-----------|--------------|
| 100 MB | 1-2 min | 3-4 min |
| 1 GB | 10-15 min | 30-40 min |
T5 family: t5-base, t5-large (32k vocab, Unigram)
ALBERT: albert-base-v2 (30k vocab, Unigram)
XLNet: xlnet-base-cased (32k vocab, Unigram)
mBART: facebook/mbart-large-50 (250k vocab, BPE)
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Multi-objective optimization framework. NSGA-II, NSGA-III, MOEA/D, Pareto fronts, constraint handling, benchmarks (ZDT, DTLZ), for engineering design and optimization problems.
Statistical modeling toolkit. OLS, GLM, logistic, ARIMA, time series, hypothesis tests, diagnostics, AIC/BIC, for rigorous statistical inference and econometric analysis.
Add unsigned integer (uint) type support to PyTorch operators by updating AT_DISPATCH macros. Use when adding support for uint16, uint32, uint64 types to operators, kernels, or when user mentions enabling unsigned types, barebones unsigned types, or uint support.
Convert PyTorch AT_DISPATCH macros to AT_DISPATCH_V2 format in ATen C++ code. Use when porting AT_DISPATCH_ALL_TYPES_AND*, AT_DISPATCH_FLOATING_TYPES*, or other dispatch macros to the new v2 API. For ATen kernel files, CUDA kernels, and native operator implementations.
Write docstrings for PyTorch functions and methods following PyTorch conventions. Use when writing or updating docstrings in PyTorch code.
Take orchestra-research/sentencepiece from the repository into ~/.claude/skills for personal
use, or into .claude/skills inside a project.
The agent identifies a skill by the name field in its header. Two skills with the
same name cannot sit side by side — one of them will be ignored.
The instructions reference pip.
Without those the skill loads but fails at the first command.