Power Analysis

Power Analysis Loop

A power-analysis-and-preregister loop for a two-arm comparison. The artifact is the study's

statistical plan; the feedback signal is two parts — statistical power (estimated by Monte-Carlo

simulation of the planned test) and a count of validity flaws. Each iteration simulates power,

solves for the sample size that reaches the target, audits the design for flaws, and revises — until

power clears the target and the flaw list is empty. The deliverable is a sample-size justification

plus a preregistration that pins the hypothesis, primary outcome, analysis, sample size, and stopping

rule before any data is seen.

Scope & limitations

This loop does exactly three things, in a loop: (1) computes power and required sample size for a

two-group comparison by simulation, (2) runs a fixed validity checklist over the design,

and (3) writes a preregistration. The vendored power model (tools/power_sim.py) covers

two-sample mean (continuous outcome) and two-proportion (binary outcome) tests only.

It is not a general experiment designer. It does not handle factorial, repeated-measures,

clustered/multilevel, time-series, adaptive, or survival designs; it does not pick your outcome

measure or manipulation from domain knowledge; and it does not analyze data you have already

collected. For those, the power numbers here do not apply — use a design-appropriate power method. If

the study is not a simple two-arm comparison, say so and stop rather than reporting a power that does

not match the planned analysis.

When to use

Use this to size and preregister one two-arm comparison whose primary outcome is a continuous mean or a

binary rate. Default to powering for the minimal effect of interest the user states; if they are

unsure of that effect, help them set it from a baseline and a smallest-meaningful difference rather than

an optimistic guess — a design "powered" for an effect bigger than reality is a fiction. If the study is

not a two-arm comparison, stop and point to a design-appropriate method.

Setup

Resolve bindings interactively. If loop.run.yaml exists in the working dir, load it, confirm the

values in one line, and skip to the loop. Otherwise: on Claude Code (the AskUserQuestion tool is

available) infer a likely value for each binding and present it as the recommended option; on other

hosts ask each as a quoted plain-text prompt. Then write loop.run.yaml (format:

examples/run.example.yaml) and confirm the values before creating any other files.

| binding | meaning | default | how to infer |

|---|---|---|---|

| <hypothesis> | the claim the experiment tests | — | ask the user |

| <outcome> | primary outcome type + minimal effect of interest: continuous (baseline_mean, sd, min_effect) or binary (baseline_rate, min_lift) | — | ask; this fixes the effect size power is computed at |

| <target_power> | power the design must clear | 0.80 | — |

| <alpha> | significance level | 0.05 | — |

| <power_cmd> | invocation of the vendored simulator | python3 <skill_dir>/tools/power_sim.py --design <two-sample-mean\|two-proportion> --effect <e> [--sd <sd> \| --baseline <p0>] --alpha <alpha> --n <n_per_group> | — |

| <design_doc> | output design + preregistration file | <sandbox_root>/design.md | — |

| <sandbox_root> | where design + ledger live | ./sandbox | — |

| <budget> | max iterations | 8 | — |

<power_cmd> prints one JSON object, {"power", "n_per_group", ...}. Run it to get the power; never

estimate power by hand.

The loop

Copy this checklist and tick items off:

• [ ] Iteration 0 — draft the design to <design_doc>; record nothing as final.
• [ ] Simulate power: run <power_cmd> at the current n and the assumed effect.
• [ ] Solve N: if power < <target_power>, re-run at larger n (step up, then bisect) until it clears.
• [ ] Audit validity: list every flaw from the checklist below.
• [ ] Revise: fix the highest-priority flaw, set n to the power-adequate value, update <design_doc> (+ Preregistration section).
• [ ] Append a ledger row; stop when power clears the target and no flaws remain, or at <budget>.

Iteration 0 — draft. Write a first design to <design_doc>: the arms/conditions, the unit of

analysis and how units are assigned, the primary outcome and the exact planned test, the assumed effect

size (from <outcome>), and a first sample-size guess. Record nothing as final yet.

Then, until stop (power met + no flaws, or budget):

• Simulate power. Run <power_cmd> at the current per-group n and the assumed effect, with the

--design matching the planned test. Record the achieved power.

• Solve N. If power < <target_power>, re-run the simulation at larger n — step up (e.g. double),

then bisect — until power clears the target, and adopt that n.

• Audit validity. Check the design against the checklist and list every flaw found:
• Confounding / no control — is there a concurrent control group, or is the comparison against a

historical/other-source baseline that differs in other ways?

• Randomization — are units randomly assigned? If not, selection bias threatens any effect.
• Selection / sampling — is the sample representative of the population the claim is about?
• Multiple comparisons — more than one outcome/subgroup tested without correction?
• Optional stopping / peeking — is there a pre-specified stopping rule, or will analysis run

repeatedly until significant?

• Outcome & analysis pre-specification — are the primary outcome and its single planned test

fixed in advance (not chosen after seeing data)?

• Measurement — is the outcome measured reliably and blind to condition where possible?
• Revise. Fix the highest-priority flaw (or a tightly-coupled pair that cannot be fixed

independently, such as adding a concurrent control and randomizing assignment to it) and set n to

the power-adequate value. Update <design_doc>, including a Preregistration section: hypothesis,

primary outcome, the one planned analysis, sample size + how it was derived, randomization scheme, and

the stopping rule.

• Log one ledger row and continue.

Stop when power ≥ <target_power> and the flaw list is empty, or at <budget>. Report the

final design + preregistration, the achieved power and required n, and — if stopping on budget — the

flaws still outstanding.

Ledger

<sandbox_root>/ledger.tsv, tab-separated, never commas in the text. Header:

iter	n_per_group	power	open_flaws	change

Example:

iter	n_per_group	power	open_flaws	change
0	50	0.50	2	draft: volunteers vs last-year cohort, n=50
1	100	0.80	1	solved n for 80% power at d=0.4
2	100	0.80	0	randomized concurrent control; pre-specified single primary outcome + stopping rule

Report the best iteration: the final design, the achieved power and required n, and any flaws

still open if stopping on budget.

Constraints

• Power is computed at the minimal effect of interest, not an optimistic one, because a design

powered for an effect bigger than reality detects nothing real — and the --design in the simulation

must match the test named in the design. Do not edit tools/power_sim.py.

• A design does not pass on power alone — an adequately powered but confounded or non-randomized

design still fails; both gates (power and flaws) must clear.

• Preregister before data, so the eventual test is confirmatory rather than chosen after seeing

results: the analysis, outcome, sample size, and stopping rule are fixed in advance.

• One primary outcome and one planned test drive the power and the verdict; secondary analyses are

labeled exploratory.

• The sandbox is self-contained — no ../ escapes. Do not pause the loop to ask whether to continue.