Esm

ESM Protein Language Models

The ESM line is maintained at github.com/Biohub/esm

(Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, MIT license; the older evolutionaryscale/esm URL

redirects here). The current generation ships three artifacts: ESM C (language

model), ESMFold2 (structure prediction), and ESM Atlas (a map of predicted

structures). Weights are on huggingface.co/biohub;

the hosted API is at biohub.ai.

This skill covers ESM C, ESMFold2, and legacy ESM2. ESM3 is not covered because its

open weights are non-commercial.

Which model to use

| Task | Model |

|------|-------|

| Embeddings, PLL, mutation scoring | ESM C (ESMC-6B), or ESM2 for a lighter run |

| Complex structure prediction | ESMFold2 |

| High-throughput single-sequence folding | ESMFold2 fast mode |

| Binder design | ESMFold2 inversion (see below), or the mosaic / bindcraft skills |

| Variant effect / zero-shot scoring | ESM C or ESM2 |

Prerequisites

| Requirement | Minimum | Recommended |

|-------------|---------|-------------|

| Python | 3.10+ | 3.11 |

| PyTorch | 2.0+ | Latest |

| CUDA | 12.0+ | 12.1+ |

| GPU VRAM | 24GB (ESM2 / small ESMC) | 80GB (ESMC-6B, ESMFold2) |

ESM C: embeddings and scoring

ESM C is the successor to ESM2. It improves long-range structural understanding as

model scale grows and is the default choice for embeddings, pseudo-log-likelihood,

and mutation-effect scoring.

Python (Hugging Face)

from transformers import AutoModelForMaskedLM, AutoTokenizer
import torch

model_id = "biohub/ESMC-6B"
tok = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(model_id)
model = AutoModelForMaskedLM.from_pretrained(
    model_id, output_hidden_states=True, torch_dtype=torch.bfloat16
).eval().cuda()

batch = tok(["MKTAYIAKQRQISFVK..."], return_tensors="pt").to("cuda")
with torch.no_grad():
    out = model(**batch)

logits = out.logits                      # for PLL / mutation scoring
embeddings = out.hidden_states[-1]       # per-residue representations

Install the package with pip install esm@git+https://github.com/Biohub/esm.git@main.

Hosted API

from esm.sdk import esmc_client
from esm.sdk.api import ESMProtein, LogitsConfig

model = esmc_client(model="esmc-600m-2024-12", url="https://biohub.ai", token="<API token>")
tensor = model.encode(ESMProtein(sequence="MKTAYIAKQRQISFVK..."))
out = model.logits(tensor, LogitsConfig(sequence=True, return_embeddings=True))

ESMC-6B has open weights; esmc-600m is the smaller API model. For mutation

scoring and fine-tuning, see the esmc_mutation_scoring and esmc_finetune

notebooks under cookbook/tutorials.

ESMFold2: complex structure prediction

ESMFold2 is built on ESMC-6B with a diffusion structure head. Unlike the original

ESMFold, it predicts complexes (protein, DNA, ligand, and modified residues), takes

an optional MSA, and has a single-sequence fast mode for high-throughput screening.

It is validated for protein-protein interaction design and leads DockQ pass-rate on

Foldbench protein-protein and antibody-antigen complexes.

Modal (biomodals)

printf '>protein|A\nMKTAYIAKQRQISFVK...\n' > target.faa
uv run --with modal modal run modal_esmfold2.py --input-faa target.faa

The FASTA header tags protein|, dna|, rna|, and ligand| (SMILES) let you fold

complexes. GPU defaults to A100-40GB (set with MODAL_GPU).

Python (local weights)

from transformers.models.esmfold2.modeling_esmfold2 import ESMFold2Model
from esm.models.esmfold2 import ProteinInput, StructurePredictionInput, ESMFold2InputBuilder

model = ESMFold2Model.from_pretrained("biohub/ESMFold2").cuda().eval()
spi = StructurePredictionInput(sequences=[ProteinInput(id="A", sequence="BINDER_SEQ")])
result = ESMFold2InputBuilder().fold(model, spi, num_loops=20, num_sampling_steps=100)
# result.plddt, result.ptm, result.iptm, result.complex.to_mmcif()

For single-sequence high-throughput folding, the fast variant is the SDK model string

esmfold2-fast-2026-05 (HF repo biohub/ESMFold2-Fast). ESMFold2 is one option for

complex validation alongside boltz and chai; ranking a shortlist across more than

one predictor is more reliable than trusting a single model.

Binder design by inverting ESMFold2

The binder_design cookbook

runs gradient optimization through ESMFold2 (a BindCraft-style loop) with an ESMC

language-model term for sequence plausibility. The published protocol is validated in

the lab to nanomolar affinity across five targets and supports both minibinders and

antibody-derived scFvs with framework scaffolds.

biomodals wraps this as modal_esmfold2_binder_design.py:

uv run --with modal modal run modal_esmfold2_binder_design.py \
  --target-name pd-l1 --binder-name minibinder

• Targets: presets cd45, ctla4, egfr, pd-l1, pdgfr, or pass --target-sequence.
• Binders: presets minibinder and antibody frameworks (for example

trastuzumab_framework_vhvl), or pass --binder-sequence with # for designable

positions. Use --is-antibody for scFv designs.

• Rank candidates by ipTM, filter minibinders to pI below 6, then validate the top

shortlist with boltz or chai and rank with ipsae.

Adaptyv's own tests of these models showed ESMFold2-inversion binder design costing

about $0.85 per accepted design, averaged across 7 targets.

For a framework that composes ESMFold2 with other predictors in one objective, use the

mosaic skill.

ESM2 (legacy)

ESM2 still works well for quick embeddings and PLL when ESMC-6B is too large for the

available GPU.

import torch, esm
model, alphabet = esm.pretrained.esm2_t33_650M_UR50D()
bc = alphabet.get_batch_converter()
model = model.eval().cuda()
_, _, toks = bc([("seq1", "MKTAYIAKQRQISFVK...")])
with torch.no_grad():
    rep = model(toks.cuda(), repr_layers=[33])["representations"][33]

| Model | Parameters | Use |

|-------|------------|-----|

| esm2_t12_35M | 35M | Fast screening |

| esm2_t33_650M | 650M | Standard embeddings/PLL |

| esm2_t36_3B | 3B | Highest-quality ESM2 |

PLL interpretation

PLL (pseudo-log-likelihood) scores how natural a sequence looks to the model. Higher

is more natural. Designed sequences often score lower than natural ones, so treat PLL

as a soft filter, not a hard cutoff.

| Normalized PLL | Interpretation |

|----------------|----------------|

| > 0.2 | Very natural |

| 0.0 to 0.2 | Natural-like |

| -0.5 to 0.0 | Acceptable |

| < -0.5 | May be unnatural |

Troubleshooting

| Issue | Cause | Fix |

|-------|-------|-----|

| CUDA out of memory | ESMC-6B / ESMFold2 too large | Use ESMC-600m API, ESM2, or an 80GB GPU |

| Wrong layer for embeddings | Layer index mismatch | Use the last hidden state (layer 33 for ESM2-650M) |

| Invalid amino acid | Non-standard residue | Check for non-canonical characters |

| Slow ESMFold2 on many designs | Full MSA mode | Use esmfold2-fast-2026-05 single-sequence mode |

Next: Validate structures with boltz or chai, rank with ipsae, then filter

with protein-qc.