Broken Authentication

Broken Authentication Testing

Purpose

Identify and exploit authentication and session management vulnerabilities in web applications. Broken authentication consistently ranks in the OWASP Top 10 and can lead to account takeover, identity theft, and unauthorized access to sensitive systems. This skill covers testing methodologies for password policies, session handling, multi-factor authentication, and credential management.

Prerequisites

Required Knowledge

• HTTP protocol and session mechanisms
• Authentication types (SFA, 2FA, MFA)
• Cookie and token handling
• Common authentication frameworks

Required Tools

• Burp Suite Professional or Community
• Hydra or similar brute-force tools
• Custom wordlists for credential testing
• Browser developer tools

Required Access

• Target application URL
• Test account credentials
• Written authorization for testing

Outputs and Deliverables

• Authentication Assessment Report - Document all identified vulnerabilities
• Credential Testing Results - Brute-force and dictionary attack outcomes
• Session Security Analysis - Token randomness and timeout evaluation
• Remediation Recommendations - Security hardening guidance

Core Workflow

Phase 1: Authentication Mechanism Analysis

Understand the application's authentication architecture:

# Identify authentication type
- Password-based (forms, basic auth, digest)
- Token-based (JWT, OAuth, API keys)
- Certificate-based (mutual TLS)
- Multi-factor (SMS, TOTP, hardware tokens)

# Map authentication endpoints
/login, /signin, /authenticate
/register, /signup
/forgot-password, /reset-password
/logout, /signout
/api/auth/*, /oauth/*

Capture and analyze authentication requests:

POST /login HTTP/1.1
Host: target.com
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded

username=test&password=test123

Phase 2: Password Policy Testing

Evaluate password requirements and enforcement:

# Test minimum length (a, ab, abcdefgh)
# Test complexity (password, password1, Password1!)
# Test common weak passwords (123456, password, qwerty, admin)
# Test username as password (admin/admin, test/test)

Document policy gaps: Minimum length <8, no complexity, common passwords allowed, username as password.

Phase 3: Credential Enumeration

Test for username enumeration vulnerabilities:

# Compare responses for valid vs invalid usernames
# Invalid: "Invalid username" vs Valid: "Invalid password"
# Check timing differences, response codes, registration messages

Password reset

"Email sent if account exists" (secure)

"No account with that email" (leaks info)

API responses

{"error": "user_not_found"}

{"error": "invalid_password"}

### Phase 4: Brute Force Testing

Test account lockout and rate limiting:

Using Hydra for form-based auth

hydra -l admin -P /usr/share/wordlists/rockyou.txt \

target.com http-post-form \

"/login:username=^USER^&password=^PASS^:Invalid credentials"

Using Burp Intruder

• Capture login request
• Send to Intruder
• Set payload positions on password field
• Load wordlist
• Start attack
• Analyze response lengths/codes

Check for protections:

Account lockout

• After how many attempts?
• Duration of lockout?
• Lockout notification?

Rate limiting

• Requests per minute limit?
• IP-based or account-based?
• Bypass via headers (X-Forwarded-For)?

CAPTCHA

• After failed attempts?
• Easily bypassable?

### Phase 5: Credential Stuffing

Test with known breached credentials:

Credential stuffing differs from brute force

Uses known email:password pairs from breaches

Using Burp Intruder with Pitchfork attack

• Set username and password as positions
• Load email list as payload 1
• Load password list as payload 2 (matched pairs)
• Analyze for successful logins

Detection evasion

• Slow request rate
• Rotate source IPs
• Randomize user agents
• Add delays between attempts

### Phase 6: Session Management Testing

Analyze session token security:

Capture session cookie

Cookie: SESSIONID=abc123def456

Test token characteristics

• Entropy - Is it random enough?
• Length - Sufficient length (128+ bits)?
• Predictability - Sequential patterns?
• Secure flags - HttpOnly, Secure, SameSite?

Session token analysis:

!/usr/bin/env python3

import requests

import hashlib

Collect multiple session tokens

tokens = []

for i in range(100):

response = requests.get("https://target.com/login")

token = response.cookies.get("SESSIONID")

tokens.append(token)

Analyze for patterns

Check for sequential increments

Calculate entropy

Look for timestamp components

### Phase 7: Session Fixation Testing

Test if session is regenerated after authentication:

Step 1: Get session before login

GET /login HTTP/1.1

Response: Set-Cookie: SESSIONID=abc123

Step 2: Login with same session

POST /login HTTP/1.1

Cookie: SESSIONID=abc123

username=valid&password=valid

Step 3: Check if session changed

VULNERABLE if SESSIONID remains abc123

SECURE if new session assigned after login

Attack scenario:

Attacker workflow:

• Attacker visits site, gets session: SESSIONID=attacker_session
• Attacker sends link to victim with fixed session:

https://target.com/login?SESSIONID=attacker_session

• Victim logs in with attacker's session
• Attacker now has authenticated session

### Phase 8: Session Timeout Testing

Verify session expiration policies:

Test idle timeout

• Login and note session cookie
• Wait without activity (15, 30, 60 minutes)
• Attempt to use session
• Check if session is still valid

Test absolute timeout

• Login and continuously use session
• Check if forced logout after set period (8 hours, 24 hours)

Test logout functionality

• Login and note session
• Click logout
• Attempt to reuse old session cookie
• Session should be invalidated server-side

### Phase 9: Multi-Factor Authentication Testing

Assess MFA implementation security:

OTP brute force

• 4-digit OTP = 10,000 combinations
• 6-digit OTP = 1,000,000 combinations
• Test rate limiting on OTP endpoint

OTP bypass techniques

• Skip MFA step by direct URL access
• Modify response to indicate MFA passed
• Null/empty OTP submission
• Previous valid OTP reuse

API Version Downgrade Attack (crAPI example)

If /api/v3/check-otp has rate limiting, try older versions:

POST /api/v2/check-otp

{"otp": "1234"}

Older API versions may lack security controls

Using Burp for OTP testing

• Capture OTP verification request
• Send to Intruder
• Set OTP field as payload position
• Use numbers payload (0000-9999)
• Check for successful bypass

Test MFA enrollment:

Forced enrollment

• Can MFA be skipped during setup?
• Can backup codes be accessed without verification?

Recovery process

• Can MFA be disabled via email alone?
• Social engineering potential?

### Phase 10: Password Reset Testing

Analyze password reset security:

Token security

• Request password reset
• Capture reset link
• Analyze token:
• Length and randomness
• Expiration time
• Single-use enforcement
• Account binding

Token manipulation

https://target.com/reset?token=abc123&user=victim

Try changing user parameter while using valid token

Host header injection

POST /forgot-password HTTP/1.1

Host: attacker.com

[email protected]

Reset email may contain attacker's domain

## Quick Reference

### Common Vulnerability Types

| Vulnerability | Risk | Test Method |
|--------------|------|-------------|
| Weak passwords | High | Policy testing, dictionary attack |
| No lockout | High | Brute force testing |
| Username enumeration | Medium | Differential response analysis |
| Session fixation | High | Pre/post-login session comparison |
| Weak session tokens | High | Entropy analysis |
| No session timeout | Medium | Long-duration session testing |
| Insecure password reset | High | Token analysis, workflow bypass |
| MFA bypass | Critical | Direct access, response manipulation |

### Credential Testing Payloads

Default credentials

admin:admin

admin:password

admin:123456

root:root

test:test

user:user

Common passwords

123456

password

12345678

qwerty

abc123

password1

admin123

Breached credential databases

• Have I Been Pwned dataset
• SecLists passwords
• Custom targeted lists

### Session Cookie Flags

| Flag | Purpose | Vulnerability if Missing |
|------|---------|------------------------|
| HttpOnly | Prevent JS access | XSS can steal session |
| Secure | HTTPS only | Sent over HTTP |
| SameSite | CSRF protection | Cross-site requests allowed |
| Path | URL scope | Broader exposure |
| Domain | Domain scope | Subdomain access |
| Expires | Lifetime | Persistent sessions |

### Rate Limiting Bypass Headers

X-Forwarded-For: 127.0.0.1

X-Real-IP: 127.0.0.1

X-Originating-IP: 127.0.0.1

X-Client-IP: 127.0.0.1

X-Remote-IP: 127.0.0.1

True-Client-IP: 127.0.0.1

## Constraints and Limitations

### Legal Requirements
- Only test with explicit written authorization
- Avoid testing with real breached credentials
- Do not access actual user accounts
- Document all testing activities

### Technical Limitations
- CAPTCHA may prevent automated testing
- Rate limiting affects brute force timing
- MFA significantly increases attack difficulty
- Some vulnerabilities require victim interaction

### Scope Considerations
- Test accounts may behave differently than production
- Some features may be disabled in test environments
- Third-party authentication may be out of scope
- Production testing requires extra caution

## Examples

### Example 1: Account Lockout Bypass

**Scenario:** Test if account lockout can be bypassed

Step 1: Identify lockout threshold

Try 5 wrong passwords for admin account

Result: "Account locked for 30 minutes"

Step 2: Test bypass via IP rotation

Use X-Forwarded-For header

POST /login HTTP/1.1

X-Forwarded-For: 192.168.1.1

username=admin&password=attempt1

Increment IP for each attempt

X-Forwarded-For: 192.168.1.2

Continue until successful or confirmed blocked

Step 3: Test bypass via case manipulation

username=Admin (vs admin)

username=ADMIN

Some systems treat these as different accounts

### Example 2: JWT Token Attack

**Scenario:** Exploit weak JWT implementation

Step 1: Capture JWT token

Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJ1c2VyIjoidGVzdCJ9.signature

Step 2: Decode and analyze

Header: {"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"}

Payload: {"user":"test","role":"user"}

Step 3: Try "none" algorithm attack

Change header to: {"alg":"none","typ":"JWT"}

Remove signature

eyJhbGciOiJub25lIiwidHlwIjoiSldUIn0.eyJ1c2VyIjoiYWRtaW4iLCJyb2xlIjoiYWRtaW4ifQ.

Step 4: Submit modified token

Authorization: Bearer eyJhbGciOiJub25lIiwidHlwIjoiSldUIn0.eyJ1c2VyIjoiYWRtaW4ifQ.

### Example 3: Password Reset Token Exploitation

**Scenario:** Test password reset functionality

Step 1: Request reset for test account

POST /forgot-password

[email protected]

Step 2: Capture reset link

https://target.com/reset?token=a1b2c3d4e5f6

Step 3: Test token properties

Reuse: Try using same token twice

Expiration: Wait 24+ hours and retry

Modification: Change characters in token

Step 4: Test for user parameter manipulation

https://target.com/reset?token=a1b2c3d4e5f6&[email protected]

Check if admin's password can be reset with test user's token

## Troubleshooting

| Issue | Solutions |
|-------|-----------|
| Brute force too slow | Identify rate limit scope; IP rotation; add delays; use targeted wordlists |
| Session analysis inconclusive | Collect 1000+ tokens; use statistical tools; check for timestamps; compare accounts |
| MFA cannot be bypassed | Document as secure; test backup/recovery mechanisms; check MFA fatigue; verify enrollment |
| Account lockout prevents testing | Request multiple test accounts; test threshold first; use slower timing |