Lora Qlora Recipes

LoRA & QLoRA Recipes

This skill assumes the routing decision already

happened — finetuning-method-selection should

have already pointed here because the data shape

is demonstrations (SFT), not preference pairs or

a verifiable reward signal. What follows is the

current best-practice recipe for configuring the

adapter itself: which modules to target, how to

size rank and alpha, what learning rate to use,

and when QLoRA buys real headroom versus when it

just adds risk. Dataset preparation and quality

checks are a separate concern — see

dataset-curation.

Input: a routing decision (SFT via LoRA/

QLoRA) plus a target size class.

Output format: a validated adapter config —

the kwarg values below, not free-form advice —

that llm-finetuning-training-engineer consumes

directly when it generates a runnable script.

The Reference Recipe

The reference recipe is "LoRA Without Regret"

(Thinking Machines/Schulman, 2025-09), now the

settled convention for LoRA/QLoRA SFT.

Target Modules

Target all-linear modules, not just

attention:

target_modules = [
    "q_proj", "k_proj", "v_proj", "o_proj",   # attention
    "gate_proj", "up_proj", "down_proj",      # MLP — matters most
]

The MLP layers (gate_proj, up_proj,

down_proj) matter most — attention-only

targeting was the older, weaker convention.

Dropping modules to save memory is a Failure

Mode below, not a valid optimization.

Alpha and Learning Rate

• lora_alpha = 2 * r is the settled

convention (NeurIPS 2025 "intruder dimensions"

result). Don't hand-tune alpha independently of

rank — derive it from rank every time.

• **LoRA learning rate ≈ 10x the equivalent

full-fine-tune LR.** For QLoRA specifically,

2e-4 is the standard starting point. Full

hyperparameter tables and worked examples:

references/hyperparameters.md.

Rank by Task

Rank is task-shaped, not a single global default:

| Task | Rank |

|---|---|

| RL (GRPO/RLVR adapters) | 1–32 |

| General default | 16–32 |

| SFT at scale | up to ~256 |

Higher rank isn't automatically better — it

raises capacity to memorize as fast as it raises

capacity to generalize. Start at the row matching

the task, and only move up a row if the lower

rank measurably underfits on held-out eval, not

as a default hedge.

Effective Batch Size

Keep effective batch size under 32. This

recipe was validated at that scale — pushing

effective batch higher is an untested

extrapolation, not a free throughput win.

Unsloth Defaults

Unsloth is the reference implementation this

plugin assumes as the default fast path — except

for messages-shaped conversational SFT with

assistant_only_loss=True, where Unsloth

2026.7.x's compiled trainer has no messages-shaped

path at all and the plain-TRL escape hatch

(references/unsloth-trl-mapping.md) is the

default for that combination, not a rare-regression

fallback. Its out-of-the-box defaults, and why

each one is set that way:

• lora_dropout=0 — the optimized kernel

path assumes zero dropout; setting a nonzero

value forfeits the fused-kernel speedup.

• bias="none" — bias terms add adapter

parameters for negligible quality gain at this

rank range.

• use_gradient_checkpointing="unsloth" —

Unsloth's checkpointing variant, not vanilla HF

checkpointing; saves roughly 30% VRAM over

no checkpointing.

• optim="adamw_8bit" — 8-bit AdamW cuts

optimizer-state memory with negligible quality

impact at LoRA/QLoRA adapter scale.

• random_state fixed — pins LoRA

initialization for reproducibility across runs;

treat it like any other seed, not a tunable.

These show up together on the get_peft_model

call:

model = FastLanguageModel.get_peft_model(
    model,
    r=32,
    target_modules=target_modules,
    lora_alpha=64,               # 2 * r
    lora_dropout=0,
    bias="none",
    use_gradient_checkpointing="unsloth",
    random_state=3407,
)

Exact kwarg names and their plain-TRL/PEFT

equivalents, plus a full worked config including

SFTConfig: references/unsloth-trl-mapping.md

and references/hyperparameters.md.

LoRA vs QLoRA vs Full FT

| Situation | Default choice |

|---|---|

| Adapting behavior on demonstrations | LoRA |

| Base model doesn't fit in bf16 at target rank | QLoRA |

| Injecting dense new domain knowledge | Full FT (see finetuning-method-selection) |

| Unsure which one | LoRA — upgrade to QLoRA only if memory forces it |

• QLoRA = NF4-quantized frozen base weights +

BF16 adapters. This is what makes a 65B-class

model trainable on 48GB — the quantized base

is the memory win, not the adapter itself.

• Full fine-tuning is not a default. Reserve

it for dense knowledge injection where the goal

is changing what the model knows at the weight

level, not adapting a behavior. For everything

else in this skill's scope, LoRA or QLoRA is

the starting assumption.

• **On DGX Spark, QLoRA can OOM before an

equivalent bf16 LoRA run would**, even though

QLoRA's steady-state footprint is smaller —

bitsandbytes dequantization buffers are

transient CUDA-side allocations that spike

during load. A QLoRA OOM is not proof the model

doesn't fit; the dgx-spark-ops plugin's

spark-memory-thermal-ops skill covers the

full OOM remediation ladder (bf16 LoRA is the

next thing to try, not a further QLoRA

shrink).

Failure Modes

• fp16 divergence on non-BF16 GPUs. Training

in fp16 on hardware that doesn't have solid

BF16 support is a known source of loss spikes

and silent divergence. Force bf16=True

wherever the hardware supports it; don't fall

back to fp16 as if it were equivalent. Check

hardware support before picking a dtype:

  python -c "import torch; print(torch.cuda.is_bf16_supported())"

• Rank too high on a small dataset overfits.

A rank picked for "SFT at scale" (up to ~256)

on a dataset that doesn't have scale behind it

memorizes rather than generalizes. Match rank

to the Rank by Task table above, not to the

largest number available.

• **Removing target modules to save memory costs

quality for negligible savings.** The adapter

parameters on gate_proj/up_proj/down_proj

are a small fraction of total model size — cutting

them barely moves memory but measurably hurts

quality. If memory is tight, move to QLoRA or

reduce rank/batch/pack length before trimming

target modules.

All three failure modes share a pattern: they

look like a training-loop bug (loss spikes,

plateaus, memorization) but are actually a

config choice that contradicts the reference

recipe above. Check configuration against this

skill before debugging the training loop itself.

References

• references/hyperparameters.md — full rank/

alpha/LR tables by task type, rsLoRA notes,

batch/packing interactions, and a complete

worked Unsloth config block.

• references/unsloth-trl-mapping.md — every

Unsloth kwarg mapped to its TRL/PEFT

equivalent, current TRL API notes, and the

escape-hatch rule for when to drop back to

plain TRL.

Related skills: finetuning-method-selection

routes here; dataset-curation covers the data

side this skill doesn't; llm-finetuning-training-engineer

is the downstream consumer of the config this

skill produces.