Perf Nsight Systems

Nsight Systems Profiling

NVIDIA Nsight Systems (nsys) is a system-level performance analysis tool

that captures CPU/GPU activity timelines, API traces, and OS-level events.

Unlike Nsight Compute (kernel-level), nsys shows the big picture — how

kernels, memory transfers, communication, and CPU work overlap in time.

When to Use

Reach for this skill when you encounter:

• Triggers: User wants to profile a training script end-to-end, analyze

GPU utilization, find pipeline bottlenecks, check communication/compute

overlap, or interpret .nsys-rep reports

• Symptoms: Training slower than expected, GPU idle between iterations,

need to understand where time is spent across CPU and GPU, poor scaling

in distributed training

• Keywords: "nsys", "nsight systems", "GPU timeline", "GPU utilization",

"kernel launch overhead", "training profiling", "NCCL overlap", "nsys-rep",

"cuda trace", "GPU idle", "pipeline stall", "data loading bottleneck"

Do NOT use this skill for:

• Kernel-level optimization (use Nsight Compute / ncu instead)
• GPU hardware metrics like SM throughput, cache hit rates (use ncu)
• GPU monitoring without profiling (use nvidia-smi)
• Non-CLI usage (GUI workflows, IDE integration) — consult official docs

Requirements

| Dependency | Version | Notes |

|------------|---------|-------|

| CUDA Toolkit | >=11.0 | Includes nsys |

| nsys binary | Match CUDA version | Verify with nsys -v |

| NVIDIA GPU | Any supported | |

Permissions: nsys may require sudo or CAP_SYS_ADMIN for system-wide

tracing and GPU metrics. In containers, use --privileged or

--cap-add=SYS_ADMIN.

Reporting Principles

Every number must have an authoritative source. When presenting timing data,

kernel counts, API call durations, or any quantitative metric, always cite the

source: nsys stats report output, nsys analyze rule output, exported SQLite

query result, recipe CSV, or raw command output. Show the actual command and its

output before interpreting. Never synthesize, estimate, or extrapolate numbers

that did not come from a tool output.

Use nsys stats for structured analysis, not raw trace data. Always extract

metrics via targeted nsys stats -r <report> commands rather than trying to

read or interpret .nsys-rep files directly. Stats reports produce compact,

tabular summaries; raw trace data can be enormous (especially with backtraces

or verbose API tracing). Run the smallest set of reports needed for the task,

then request additional reports only if the initial results raise questions.

Workflows

Workflow 1: Profile a DL Training Script

Goal: Capture a clean, focused profile of steady-state training iterations.

Step 1 — Add profiler markers to your training script to skip warmup:

# In training script
for i, batch in enumerate(train_loader):
    if i == warmup_iters:
        torch.cuda.cudart().cudaProfilerStart()
    train_step(model, batch)
    if i == warmup_iters + profile_iters:
        torch.cuda.cudart().cudaProfilerStop()
        break

Step 2 — Profile with cudaProfilerApi capture range:

nsys profile -c cudaProfilerApi \
    -t cuda,nvtx,cudnn,cublas \
    --pytorch=autograd-nvtx \
    -o train_profile -- python train.py

This captures only steady-state iterations — no warmup, no initialization noise.

Note: -t cuda,nvtx,cudnn,cublas enables API-specific tracing. By default,

-t cuda only traces the CUDA runtime/driver layer — you see kernel names and

launch times but cannot attribute them to higher-level libraries. Adding cudnn

and cublas traces the library-level API calls, letting you distinguish

convolution time (cuDNN) from GEMM time (cuBLAS) and measure library overhead

separately from raw kernel execution.

Step 3 — Quick summary:

nsys stats -r cuda_gpu_kern_sum,cuda_api_sum,cuda_gpu_mem_time_sum \
    train_profile.nsys-rep

When you traced library APIs (cudnn, cublas in -t), also run the

library-specific reports to see API-level overhead (workspace allocation,

algorithm selection) separately from raw kernel execution:

nsys stats -r cudnn_api_sum,cublas_api_sum train_profile.nsys-rep

Step 4 — Detect anti-patterns:

nsys analyze -r all train_profile.nsys-rep

Step 5 — Dig deeper based on findings. See Tier 2 references.

Workflow 2: Diagnose GPU Idle Time

Goal: Find why the GPU is idle between training iterations.

Step 1 — Profile with OS runtime tracing:

nsys profile -t cuda,nvtx,osrt \
    --pytorch=autograd-nvtx \
    -o idle_debug -- python train.py

Step 2 — Check GPU gaps and utilization:

nsys analyze -r gpu_gaps,gpu_time_util idle_debug.nsys-rep

Step 3 — Check kernel launch phases:

nsys stats -r cuda_kern_exec_sum idle_debug.nsys-rep

High queue time = GPU was busy (not the issue). Near-zero queue time for

all kernels = GPU was starved (host not submitting work fast enough).

Step 4 — Common causes and fixes:

| GPU idle cause | Evidence | Fix |

|---------------|----------|-----|

| Slow data loading | CPU busy in DataLoader during gaps | Increase num_workers, use pin_memory=True |

| Synchronous memcpy | cuda_memcpy_sync rule fires | Use non_blocking=True transfers |

| Over-synchronization | Frequent cudaDeviceSynchronize in trace | Remove unnecessary sync calls |

| Host-side computation | CPU sampling shows compute during gaps | Move to GPU or overlap with async ops |

| Python GIL contention | GIL trace shows contention | Use multiprocessing, reduce Python overhead |

Workflow 3: Profile Distributed Training

Goal: Profile multi-GPU/multi-node training with communication analysis.

Step 1 — Collect per-rank profiles:

nsys profile -t cuda,nvtx,mpi,ucx \
    --pytorch=autograd-nvtx \
    -o profile_%q{RANK} \
    -- torchrun --nproc_per_node=8 train.py

Step 2 — Analyze NCCL communication/compute overlap:

nsys recipe nccl_gpu_overlap_trace -- profile_*.nsys-rep
nsys recipe nccl_gpu_time_util_map -- profile_*.nsys-rep

Step 3 — Check per-rank utilization:

nsys recipe cuda_gpu_time_util_map -- profile_*.nsys-rep

Step 4 — Check for stragglers:

Compare cuda_gpu_kern_sum across ranks. If one rank is slower, check

its network and data loading patterns.

Workflow 4: Analyze Iteration Time Consistency

Goal: Check whether training iterations are stable or have outliers.

# Profile with NVTX iteration markers
nsys profile --pytorch=autograd-nvtx -t cuda,nvtx \
    -o iter_check -- python train.py

# Check iteration timing distribution
nsys stats -r nvtx_pushpop_sum iter_check.nsys-rep

# Check GPU projection per NVTX range
nsys stats -r nvtx_gpu_proj_sum iter_check.nsys-rep

# Visual pace analysis
nsys recipe nvtx_pace -- iter_check.nsys-rep

High StdDev in iteration duration indicates inconsistency — investigate

outlier iterations on the timeline.

Workflow 5: Attribute Kernels to Source Code via Stack Traces

Goal: Identify which Python function or code path triggers expensive GPU kernels.

Step 1 — Profile with backtrace collection:

nsys profile -t cuda,nvtx \
    --backtrace=cuda \
    --python-backtrace=lbr \
    --pytorch=autograd-nvtx \
    -o stacktrace_profile -- python train.py

• --backtrace=cuda: Captures CUDA API call stacks (C/C++ frames) so each

cudaLaunchKernel shows the host-side call chain that triggered it.

• --python-backtrace=lbr: Captures Python-level call stacks, correlating

GPU work back to specific Python functions (e.g., compute_attention vs

compute_ffn).

Step 2 — Get kernel summary and NVTX attribution:

Use targeted stats reports to identify top kernels and their NVTX context:

# Top kernels by total GPU time
nsys stats -r cuda_gpu_kern_sum stacktrace_profile.nsys-rep

# Kernels attributed to NVTX ranges (maps kernels to annotated code regions)
nsys stats -r nvtx_kern_sum stacktrace_profile.nsys-rep

The nvtx_kern_sum report (requires --pytorch=autograd-nvtx or manual NVTX

annotations) maps each kernel to its enclosing NVTX range, directly showing

which Python function or autograd op launched it. This is more efficient than

manually cross-referencing raw backtrace data.

Step 3 — For PyTorch models, --pytorch=autograd-nvtx automatically wraps

each autograd op in an NVTX range. Combined with backtrace, this maps:

GPU kernel → CUDA API call → Python function → PyTorch autograd op.

When to use: Workloads with multiple code paths launching similar kernels

(e.g., attention vs FFN both calling GEMM). Stack traces disambiguate which

caller is responsible for the dominant kernel time.

Output Formats

Report files (.nsys-rep): Binary format, viewable in GUI or processed

with nsys stats, nsys analyze, nsys export, nsys recipe.

Stats output formats: column (terminal), csv, json, table, tsv,

hdoc, htable.

Export formats: sqlite (SQL queries), arrow/parquetdir (Pandas/Dask),

hdf, jsonlines, text.

Recipe output: Directory with CSV/Parquet data + Plotly HTML visualizations

+ .nsys-analysis (Jupyter notebook).

Key stats report columns:

| Report | Key columns |

|--------|------------|

| cuda_gpu_kern_sum | Time%, Total Time, Instances, Kernel Name |

| cuda_api_sum | Time%, Total Time, Num Calls, API Name |

| cuda_kern_exec_sum | API Time, Queue Time, Kernel Time |

| cuda_gpu_mem_time_sum | Time%, Total Time, Operations, Direction |

| nvtx_gpu_proj_sum | Projected Duration, Original Duration, GPU Op Count |

Examples

Example 1: Quick DL Profile and Summary

# Profile
nsys profile -t cuda,nvtx,cudnn,cublas \
    --pytorch=autograd-nvtx --stats=true \
    -o quick_profile -- python train.py

# Auto-generates stats at the end of profiling

Example 2: Detect Sync Memcpy in DataLoader

nsys profile -t cuda,nvtx -o dataloader_check -- python train.py
nsys analyze -r cuda_memcpy_sync,cuda_memcpy_async dataloader_check.nsys-rep

If flagged, fix with:

loader = DataLoader(dataset, pin_memory=True, num_workers=4)
tensor_gpu = tensor_cpu.to(device, non_blocking=True)

Example 3: Multi-Node NCCL Analysis

# Collect
nsys profile -t cuda,nvtx,mpi -o rank_%q{RANK} \
    -- torchrun --nproc_per_node=8 train.py

# Analyze overlap
nsys recipe nccl_gpu_overlap_trace -- rank_*.nsys-rep

# Visualize
nsys recipe nccl_gpu_time_util_map -- rank_*.nsys-rep

Example 4: API-Level Breakdown (cuDNN vs cuBLAS)

# Profile with library-level tracing
nsys profile -t cuda,nvtx,cudnn,cublas \
    -o api_breakdown -- python model.py

# cuDNN API summary (convolution calls)
nsys stats -r cudnn_api_sum api_breakdown.nsys-rep

# cuBLAS API summary (GEMM calls)
nsys stats -r cublas_api_sum api_breakdown.nsys-rep

# Compare with kernel-level view
nsys stats -r cuda_gpu_kern_sum api_breakdown.nsys-rep

The API-level reports (cudnn_api_sum, cublas_api_sum) show time spent in

library calls including overhead (workspace allocation, algorithm selection),

while cuda_gpu_kern_sum shows only raw GPU kernel execution. The difference

reveals library-side overhead.

Error Handling

| Error | Cause | Fix |

|-------|-------|-----|

| nsys: command not found | Not in PATH | export PATH=$PATH:/usr/local/cuda/bin |

| Permission denied or requires root | Needs elevated privileges | sudo nsys ... or --cap-add=SYS_ADMIN in containers |

| No CUDA activity captured | App didn't use GPU during collection window | Adjust --delay/--duration, or use cudaProfilerApi capture range |

| Report file very large | Long profile with many APIs traced | Use focused capture (-c cudaProfilerApi), reduce --duration |

| --pytorch has no effect | Wrong nsys version or Python env | Verify nsys version supports --pytorch; check Python is in PATH |

| nsys stats shows empty reports | No matching activity in report | Check --trace flags included the right APIs |

| MPI rank profiles out of sync | Clock skew between nodes | Use NTP sync; analyze per-rank independently |

| cudaProfilerStart not captured | Missing -c cudaProfilerApi flag | Add --capture-range=cudaProfilerApi |

| Recipe fails with import error | Missing Python dependencies | Install recipe dependencies: pip install pandas plotly |

Finding More Information

Tier 1: This File (SKILL.md)

You are reading it now. The workflows and error table above cover the most

common DL profiling tasks. Search this file first.

Tier 2: references/ Directory

Grep for keywords across references/ — headers are grep-friendly:

• references/cli-profiling.md — Complete nsys profile flags for DL
• references/cli-post-collection.md — nsys stats, analyze, export, recipe commands
• references/app-preparation.md — Focused profiling, NVTX markers, PyTorch patterns
• references/stats-reports.md — CUDA statistical report columns and meanings
• references/expert-systems.md — Expert system rules, anti-pattern detection
• references/recipes-dl.md — DL-relevant advanced recipes with examples
• references/nvtx-analysis.md — NVTX statistical reports for annotated code

How to search:

• Grep for your keyword across references/
• Read only the file that Grep points to

Tier 3: Official Documentation

If Tiers 1-2 don't answer:

• User Guide — Full CLI reference, all tracing options
• Analysis Guide — Stats reports, expert systems, recipes

WebFetch or WebSearch these URLs for the latest content. Consider distilling

new findings back into references/.