Perf Host Analysis

Host Performance Analysis

Analyze host/CPU overhead in TensorRT-LLM inference workloads from nsys traces. This skill operates in two phases:

| Phase | Question | Input | Output |

|-------|----------|-------|--------|

| Detection | Is host overhead the bottleneck? | Single nsys trace | YES/NO verdict with metric evidence |

| Root Cause | What specifically regressed? | One or two nsys traces | NVTX per-step breakdown, regression sources, optional kernel-level drill-down |

When to Use

• Before starting host optimization work -- confirms the bottleneck is real (Detection)
• As a sub-step of perf-analysis for bottleneck classification (Detection)
• When GPU utilization is suspiciously low and you need to know why (Detection)
• When throughput regressed but GPU kernel execution times are unchanged (Root Cause)
• When the gap between forward step iterations has increased (Root Cause)
• To compare inter-iteration overhead between two versions of the inference engine (Root Cause)
• When you need sub-operation granularity on inter-kernel gaps or graph coverage (Root Cause, kernel-level drill-down)
• When piecewise CUDA graph coverage is unexpectedly low (Root Cause, kernel-level drill-down)
• When multi-rank inference shows unexplained performance asymmetry (Root Cause, kernel-level drill-down)

Do NOT use when:

• The regression is in individual kernel performance (use perf-nsight-compute-analysis)
• You need to profile a workload from scratch (use workload-instrumentation first)
• The issue is NCCL communication (use distributed analysis)

Prerequisites

• An nsys trace file (.sqlite or .nsys-rep) from a TRT-LLM benchmark run
• For Root Cause comparison: two traces (baseline and target)
• Python 3 with sqlite3 support

Key Concepts

Host Overhead in LLM Inference

In an LLM inference loop, each iteration consists of:

[inter-step gap] -> [_forward_step] -> [inter-step gap] -> [_forward_step] -> ...

The forward step includes GPU kernel execution (GEMM, attention, normalization, allreduce) plus host-side preparation. The inter-step gap includes host-side work between forward steps (scheduling, request fetching, broadcasting, sampling, response handling).

See references/trtllm-nvtx-ranges.md for the full per-operation breakdown and timing ranges.

Hidden vs Exposed Host Overhead

Host overhead only hurts performance when it is exposed -- the GPU is idle waiting for work. When host prep overlaps with GPU execution, it is hidden and free. See references/metrics.md (M3 section) for diagrams and the exposed/hidden computation.

Forward Step Isolation

In TP configurations, forward steps are isolated via allreduce kernel grouping (deterministic count per transformer layer). For TP=1, NVTX _forward_step ranges are used directly. See references/iteration-isolation-techniques.md for the full algorithm.

Phase Classification (Context vs Generation)

Iterations are classified by NVTX marker text into context (eager, no CUDA graphs) and generation (CUDA graph replay). Per-phase analysis is critical because aggregate metrics can mask phase-specific bottlenecks. See references/phase-classification.md.

Phase 1: Detection (YES/NO Verdict)

Determine whether host overhead is the primary bottleneck.

Detection Metrics

Six metrics in four categories. See references/metrics.md for full definitions, formulas, and SQL queries.

| # | Metric | Threshold | What it answers |

|---|--------|-----------|-----------------|

| M1 | GPU idle ratio | > 0.30 | Is the GPU starved for work? |

| M2 | Launch overhead ratio | > 0.10 | Is kernel launch itself expensive? |

| M3a | Host prep exposed ratio | > 0.50 | How well is host prep pipelined? |

| M3b | Host prep perf impact | > 0.05 | How much throughput does exposed prep cost? |

| M3c | Host prep idle attribution | > 0.50 | Is host prep the main cause of GPU idle? |

| M4 | GPU utilization | < 0.60 | Is GPU utilization too low? |

| M5 | NCCL ratio (caveat) | > 0.20 | Is communication a confounding factor? |

Host prep confirmation rule: Host prep is a confirmed bottleneck only when both M3b AND M3c cross their thresholds.

Thresholds are configurable with per-phase variants. See references/thresholds.md.

Detection Workflow

Step 1: Input Validation

# Accept .sqlite or .nsys-rep
ls -la <trace_file>

# If .nsys-rep, export to SQLite first
nsys export -t sqlite -o <output.sqlite> <input.nsys-rep>

Step 2: Run Detection Script

python scripts/detect_host_overhead.py \
  --trace /path/to/trace.sqlite \
  --output /path/to/verdict.json

The script computes M1, M2, M4, M5 from SQL, optionally M3 via range intersection, applies the verdict logic, and outputs structured JSON. See references/output-format.md for the output schema.

For manual metric extraction via SQL, see references/nsys-schema.md.

Step 3: Interpret Verdict

Overall Verdict:

if aggregate_verdict == YES or context_verdict == YES or generation_verdict == YES:
    overall_verdict = YES

Per-phase analysis can elevate the verdict but never demote it.

Format using the template in references/output-format.md.

Next Steps:

• If YES -> Proceed to Phase 2 (Root Cause) below, then use perf-host-optimization skill
• If NO -> Use perf-nsight-compute-analysis for kernel SOL% or trace-interpretation for full classification

Phase 2: Root Cause Analysis

Identify which specific host operations regressed and by how much. Works with a single trace (breakdown) or two traces (comparison).

Principles

• Isolate forward steps, not the full trace. nsys traces contain warmup, JIT, model loading, and teardown.
• Use structural kernel patterns for iteration detection. Allreduce grouping is more robust than kernel density.
• Compare steady-state iterations. Filter to identical workload (same batch size, same ctx/gen mix).
• Per-step metrics, not totals. Always compare per-step averages.

Root Cause Workflow

Step 1: Collect nsys Traces

Profile both versions (if comparing) with identical settings:

nsys profile -o /path/to/trace \
  -t cuda,nvtx,osrt \
  --force-overwrite=true \
  --cuda-memory-usage=true \
  -w true \
  <benchmark_command> --num_requests 500

Step 2: Export to SQLite

nsys export --type=sqlite --force-overwrite=true -o trace.sqlite trace.nsys-rep

Step 3: Run Host Overhead Analysis

# Two-trace comparison
python scripts/analyze_host_overhead.py \
  --baseline /path/to/baseline/trace.sqlite \
  --target /path/to/target/trace.sqlite \
  --baseline-label "v1.1" \
  --target-label "main" \
  --output /path/to/output/analysis.txt

# Single-trace breakdown
python scripts/analyze_host_overhead.py \
  --baseline /path/to/trace.sqlite \
  --baseline-label "current"

Step 4: Interpret Results

The script produces:

• Allreduce-based iteration detection -- confirms forward step boundaries
• Per-step wall time comparison -- quantifies the regression
• NVTX per-step breakdown -- identifies which host operations regressed
• GPU kernel comparison -- confirms GPU execution is unchanged
• CUDA API comparison -- detects kernel launch overhead changes

Reading the Output

Per-Step Wall Time:

Avg wall time per step: 3,317 us (baseline) vs 3,978 us (target)  +19.9%

This is the primary regression metric.

NVTX Breakdown:

Operation           | baseline (us/step) | target (us/step) | Delta    | Status
_fetch_new_requests |               36   |             270  | +234     | REGRESSION
broadcast_requests  |                -   |             250  | +250     | NEW
_update_requests    |              413   |             723  | +310     | REGRESSION

Focus on operations with large absolute deltas.

GPU Kernel Comparison:

Kernels per step (launched): 6.2 (baseline) vs 21.9 (target)  +253%

More individual launches = more host-side launch overhead.

Step 5: Kernel-Level Drill-Down (Optional)

When the NVTX breakdown identifies a regressing operation but does not reveal *why* (the overhead is inside the GPU dispatch, not between NVTX ranges), drill below NVTX operations into individual GPU kernel launches.

See references/kernel-level-analysis.md for full technique details, SQL queries, and examples.

When to drill down:

• An operation has high wall time but the overhead is inside GPU dispatch, not between NVTX ranges
• You need to understand how much of the forward pass is graph-captured vs eager
• Per-layer overhead is significant and you need to map kernels to functional groups
• Multi-rank inference shows unexplained performance asymmetry

Kernel-Level Techniques

| Technique | Question | Key Output |

|-----------|----------|------------|

| Inter-Kernel Gap Analysis | Where is the GPU idle between kernels? | Gap bucket distribution, top-N largest gaps with source mapping |

| Eager vs Graph Classification | What fraction of kernels are graph-captured? | Graph coverage ratio, list of eager kernels with source attribution |

| Repeating-Pattern Mapping | Which functional group within a layer has the most overhead? | Per-group gap totals, priority ranking |

| Straggler Detection | Is one rank consistently slower? | Straggler rank ID, root cause (extra host work, queue depth feedback loop) |

Workflow

• Start with Inter-Kernel Gap Analysis — bucket the gap distribution to understand the dominant overhead type (graph dispatch, Python interpreter, host-device sync)
• If piecewise graph is in use, run Eager vs Graph Classification to measure graph coverage and identify unnecessary eager kernels
• For per-layer overhead, use Repeating-Pattern Mapping to isolate the highest-overhead functional group within a single layer
• For multi-rank setups, run Straggler Detection if per-step wall time varies across ranks

Kernel-Level Findings to Optimization Patterns

| Finding | Optimization Pattern |

|---------|---------------------|

| Large gaps from Python tensor view chains | CUSTOM_OP — replace with C++ custom op |

| Graph-capturable kernels running eagerly | GRAPH_EXPAND — fix partition poisoning |

| Monolithic custom op blocking graph capture | GRAPH_SPLIT — split into capturable + eager parts |

| Host-device sync (.item()) in per-layer code | SYNC (Pattern 1: pre-compute on CPU) + HOIST (Variant B: pass from step level) |

| Per-layer buffer allocation | ALLOC — pre-allocate at init |

| Straggler rank with extra host work | Apply targeted optimization to coordinator-only code paths |

Common Patterns and Root Causes

Pattern 1: Request Management Refactor

Symptom: _fetch_new_requests regressed 5-10x, new broadcast_requests operation.

Cause: Request fetching refactored for multi-rank broadcasting in TP.

Mitigation: Optimize broadcast path; batch request state updates.

Pattern 2: Increased Kernel Launch Count

Symptom: 3-5x more cudaLaunchKernel calls per step, similar GPU time.

Cause: Operations that were fused or graph-captured are now individual launches.

Mitigation: Re-fuse kernels; extend CUDA graph capture scope.

Pattern 3: New Bookkeeping Operations

Symptom: New NVTX ranges like _write_finish_reasons, handle_additional_outputs.

Cause: New features added to the inference loop without overhead budgeting.

Mitigation: Defer non-critical bookkeeping to async paths; batch updates.

Pattern 4: Flashinfer JIT Warmup Masquerading as Inference

Symptom: Massive elementwise/reduce kernel counts in "steady state" analysis.

Cause: Analysis window includes flashinfer JIT compilation phase.

Fix: Use allreduce-based iteration isolation, not kernel density or time windows.

Pattern 5: Context-Only Bottleneck (Masked by Aggregate)

Symptom: Aggregate metrics below threshold, but context iterations have 50% GPU idle.

Cause: Generation iterations dilute the context-phase bottleneck.

Fix: Per-phase analysis in Detection phase catches this.

Pitfalls

1. shortName is an Integer ID

In CUPTI_ACTIVITY_KIND_KERNEL, shortName is an integer referencing StringIds.id. Always join. See references/nsys-schema.md.

2. NVTX textId vs text

Most NVTX events have textId (integer) but NULL text. Join with StringIds. See references/nsys-schema.md.

3. Duplicate NVTX Ranges from TP Ranks

In TP configurations, each rank reports NVTX ranges independently. De-duplicate by grouping entries within 100us of each other.

4. Negative Inter-Step Gaps

When TP ranks report overlapping NVTX ranges, gap = next_start - prev_end can be negative. Use the maximum end time when de-duplicating.

5. Benchmark Window Selection

The allreduce-based window captures context+generation phases; steady-state NVTX filtering captures generation-only. Both are valid; use the appropriate one for your comparison goal.

Handoff to Optimization

When analysis is complete and the verdict is YES, hand off to the perf-host-optimization skill with:

• Detection verdict and evidence: Which metrics crossed thresholds (M1-M5), whether host prep was confirmed (M3b+M3c), and per-phase breakdown.

• NVTX-based triage (from Root Cause): Top regressing operations by absolute delta (us/step). Map NVTX range names to source functions -- see references/trtllm-nvtx-ranges.md.

• Handoff data block: Include structured data from references/output-format.md (see "Handoff to Optimization" section).

• Kernel-level findings (from drill-down, if performed): Inter-kernel gap distribution, graph coverage ratio, per-group overhead map, and straggler rank identification. Map findings to optimization patterns using the table in the Root Cause kernel-level drill-down section above.

Reference

| File | Contents |

|------|----------|

| references/metrics.md | Full metric definitions, formulas, SQL queries, M3 sub-metric analysis |

| references/thresholds.md | Aggregate and per-phase threshold tables |

| references/phase-classification.md | NVTX marker parsing, iteration classification, per-phase aggregation |

| references/output-format.md | Report template and integration JSON schema |

| references/examples.md | Worked scenarios (aggregate, phase-specific, and case study) |

| references/iteration-isolation-techniques.md | Allreduce, NVTX, and kernel-density iteration isolation techniques |

| references/trtllm-nvtx-ranges.md | TRT-LLM NVTX range reference with per-operation timings |

| references/kernel-level-analysis.md | Kernel-level drill-down techniques: gap analysis, graph classification, pattern mapping, straggler detection |

| references/nsys-schema.md | nsys SQLite schema reference and useful queries |

| scripts/analyze_host_overhead.py | Python script for Phase 2 root cause analysis |

| scripts/detect_host_overhead.py | Python script for Phase 1 detection verdict |