Matplotlib Scientific Plotting

jaechang-hits/matplotlib-scientific-plotting

Low-level Python plotting for scientific figures: publication-quality line, scatter, bar, heatmap, contour, 3D; multi-panel layouts; fine control of every element. PNG/PDF/SVG export. Use seaborn for quick stats, plotly for interactive.

This is a copy. The original lives at biotender-max/matplotlib-scientific-plotting.

4k tokens

context cost

the whole folder, loaded on every use

files

instructions only

copies elsewhere

how many repositories repackaged it

294

stars on the repo

on the repository, not the skill itself

Install

one command, takes just this skill from the repository

npx skills add https://github.com/jaechang-hits/SciAgent-Skills --skill matplotlib-scientific-plotting

The instruction itself

23 sections, as written by the author

matplotlib

Overview

Matplotlib is Python's foundational visualization library for creating static, animated, and interactive plots. It provides both a MATLAB-style pyplot interface and an object-oriented API for full control over figures, axes, and artists. Essential for generating publication-quality scientific figures.

When to Use

Creating publication-quality plots with precise control over every element (fonts, ticks, colors, spacing)
Building multi-panel figures with complex subplot layouts for papers
Generating standard scientific plot types: line, scatter, bar, histogram, heatmap, box, violin, contour
Exporting figures to vector formats (PDF, SVG) for journal submission
Creating 3D surface, scatter, or wireframe plots
Customizing colormaps and color schemes for accessibility (colorblind-friendly)
Integrating plots with NumPy arrays and pandas DataFrames
For quick statistical visualizations (distributions, regressions), use seaborn instead
For interactive/web-based plots with hover and zoom, use plotly instead

Prerequisites

Python packages: matplotlib, numpy
Optional: pandas (for DataFrame plotting), seaborn (for style presets)
Environment: Works in scripts, Jupyter notebooks (%matplotlib inline), and GUI apps

pip install matplotlib numpy

Quick Start

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# Publication-ready figure template: set size, plot, label, save as PDF
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 4))  # single-column journal width ≈ 6 cm → set here in inches

x = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 200)
ax.plot(x, np.sin(x), color="steelblue", lw=1.5, label="sin(x)")
ax.plot(x, np.cos(x), color="coral",    lw=1.5, label="cos(x)", linestyle="--")

ax.set_xlabel("x (radians)")
ax.set_ylabel("Amplitude")
ax.set_title("Sine and Cosine Waves")
ax.legend(frameon=False)
ax.spines[["top", "right"]].set_visible(False)  # clean axis style

plt.tight_layout()
plt.savefig("quickstart.pdf", bbox_inches="tight", dpi=300)
print("Saved quickstart.pdf")

Core API

Module 1: Figure and Axes Creation

The fundamental objects: Figure (canvas) and Axes (plotting area).

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# Single plot (recommended: OO interface)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5))
x = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)
ax.plot(x, np.sin(x), label="sin(x)")
ax.plot(x, np.cos(x), label="cos(x)")
ax.set_xlabel("x"); ax.set_ylabel("y")
ax.set_title("Trigonometric Functions")
ax.legend(); ax.grid(True, alpha=0.3)
plt.savefig("basic_plot.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")
print("Saved basic_plot.png")

# Multi-panel subplots
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(10, 8), constrained_layout=True)
axes[0, 0].plot(x, np.sin(x)); axes[0, 0].set_title("sin(x)")
axes[0, 1].scatter(x[::5], np.cos(x[::5])); axes[0, 1].set_title("cos(x)")
axes[1, 0].bar(["A", "B", "C"], [3, 7, 5]); axes[1, 0].set_title("Bar")
axes[1, 1].hist(np.random.randn(500), bins=30); axes[1, 1].set_title("Histogram")
plt.savefig("subplots.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")
print("Saved subplots.png with 4 panels")

Module 2: Plot Types

Standard scientific chart types.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 3, figsize=(15, 9), constrained_layout=True)

# Line plot — trends over time
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 50)
axes[0, 0].plot(x, np.exp(-x/3) * np.sin(x), "b-", linewidth=2)
axes[0, 0].set_title("Line Plot")

# Scatter plot — correlations
np.random.seed(42)
axes[0, 1].scatter(np.random.randn(100), np.random.randn(100), alpha=0.6, c=np.random.rand(100), cmap="viridis")
axes[0, 1].set_title("Scatter Plot")

# Bar chart — categorical comparisons
categories = ["Gene A", "Gene B", "Gene C", "Gene D"]
axes[0, 2].bar(categories, [4.2, 7.1, 3.5, 6.8], color="steelblue", edgecolor="black")
axes[0, 2].set_title("Bar Chart")

# Histogram — distributions
axes[1, 0].hist(np.random.randn(1000), bins=40, edgecolor="black", alpha=0.7)
axes[1, 0].set_title("Histogram")

# Box plot — statistical distributions
data = [np.random.randn(50) + i for i in range(4)]
axes[1, 1].boxplot(data, labels=["Ctrl", "Drug A", "Drug B", "Drug C"])
axes[1, 1].set_title("Box Plot")

# Heatmap — matrix data
matrix = np.random.rand(8, 8)
im = axes[1, 2].imshow(matrix, cmap="coolwarm", aspect="auto")
plt.colorbar(im, ax=axes[1, 2])
axes[1, 2].set_title("Heatmap")

plt.savefig("plot_types.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")
print("Saved 6 plot types to plot_types.png")

Module 3: Styling and Customization

Colors, fonts, styles, annotations.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

# Use style sheets
plt.style.use("seaborn-v0_8-whitegrid")

# Custom rcParams for publication
plt.rcParams.update({
    "font.size": 12, "axes.labelsize": 14,
    "axes.titlesize": 16, "xtick.labelsize": 10,
    "ytick.labelsize": 10, "legend.fontsize": 11,
})

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5))
x = np.linspace(0, 5, 100)
ax.plot(x, np.exp(-x), "r--", linewidth=2, label="Exponential decay")
ax.fill_between(x, np.exp(-x) - 0.1, np.exp(-x) + 0.1, alpha=0.2, color="red")

# Annotations
ax.annotate("Half-life", xy=(0.693, 0.5), xytext=(2, 0.7),
            arrowprops=dict(arrowstyle="->", color="black"),
            fontsize=12, fontweight="bold")
ax.set_xlabel("Time (s)"); ax.set_ylabel("Signal")
ax.legend()
plt.savefig("styled_plot.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")
print("Saved styled_plot.png")

Module 4: Advanced Layouts

Mosaic layouts, GridSpec, insets.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from matplotlib.gridspec import GridSpec
import numpy as np

# Mosaic layout — named axes
fig, axes = plt.subplot_mosaic(
    [["main", "right"], ["main", "bottom_right"]],
    figsize=(10, 7), constrained_layout=True,
    gridspec_kw={"width_ratios": [2, 1]}
)
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 200)
axes["main"].plot(x, np.sin(x) * np.exp(-x/5), "b-", linewidth=2)
axes["main"].set_title("Main Panel")
axes["right"].hist(np.random.randn(300), bins=20, orientation="horizontal")
axes["right"].set_title("Distribution")
axes["bottom_right"].bar(["A", "B"], [3, 5])
axes["bottom_right"].set_title("Summary")
plt.savefig("mosaic_layout.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")
print("Saved mosaic_layout.png")

Module 5: 3D Visualization

Surface, scatter, and wireframe plots.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D
import numpy as np

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 7))
ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection="3d")

# Surface plot
u = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 50)
v = np.linspace(0, np.pi, 50)
X = np.outer(np.cos(u), np.sin(v))
Y = np.outer(np.sin(u), np.sin(v))
Z = np.outer(np.ones_like(u), np.cos(v))

ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap="viridis", alpha=0.8)
ax.set_xlabel("X"); ax.set_ylabel("Y"); ax.set_zlabel("Z")
ax.set_title("3D Surface Plot")
plt.savefig("surface_3d.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")
print("Saved surface_3d.png")

Module 6: Export and Saving

Output to various formats with publication settings.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 4))
ax.plot([1, 2, 3], [1, 4, 9], "ko-")
ax.set_title("Export Example")

# High-res PNG for presentations
fig.savefig("figure.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight", facecolor="white")

# Vector PDF for journal submission
fig.savefig("figure.pdf", bbox_inches="tight")

# SVG for web
fig.savefig("figure.svg", bbox_inches="tight")

# Transparent background
fig.savefig("figure_transparent.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight", transparent=True)

plt.close(fig)  # Free memory
print("Exported to PNG, PDF, SVG, and transparent PNG")

Common Workflows

Workflow 1: Multi-Panel Figure for Publication

Goal: Create a 4-panel figure combining different plot types for a paper.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

np.random.seed(42)
fig, axes = plt.subplots(2, 2, figsize=(10, 8), constrained_layout=True)

# Panel A: Time series
t = np.linspace(0, 24, 100)
axes[0, 0].plot(t, 50 + 10 * np.sin(t * np.pi / 12), "b-", linewidth=2)
axes[0, 0].set_xlabel("Time (h)"); axes[0, 0].set_ylabel("Expression")
axes[0, 0].set_title("A", loc="left", fontweight="bold")

# Panel B: Volcano plot
fc = np.random.randn(500)
pval = -np.log10(np.random.uniform(0.0001, 1, 500))
colors = ["red" if abs(f) > 1 and p > 2 else "grey" for f, p in zip(fc, pval)]
axes[0, 1].scatter(fc, pval, c=colors, s=10, alpha=0.7)
axes[0, 1].axhline(2, ls="--", color="black", alpha=0.5)
axes[0, 1].set_xlabel("log₂ FC"); axes[0, 1].set_ylabel("-log₁₀ p-value")
axes[0, 1].set_title("B", loc="left", fontweight="bold")

# Panel C: Bar chart with error bars
means = [3.2, 5.1, 4.7, 6.3]
sems = [0.4, 0.6, 0.3, 0.5]
axes[1, 0].bar(["Ctrl", "Drug A", "Drug B", "Combo"], means, yerr=sems,
               capsize=5, color="steelblue", edgecolor="black")
axes[1, 0].set_ylabel("Response"); axes[1, 0].set_title("C", loc="left", fontweight="bold")

# Panel D: Heatmap
data = np.random.randn(6, 4)
im = axes[1, 1].imshow(data, cmap="RdBu_r", aspect="auto")
plt.colorbar(im, ax=axes[1, 1])
axes[1, 1].set_title("D", loc="left", fontweight="bold")

fig.savefig("publication_figure.pdf", bbox_inches="tight")
print("Saved publication_figure.pdf (4 panels)")

Workflow 2: Statistical Comparison Plot

Goal: Bar chart with individual data points and significance annotations.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

np.random.seed(42)
groups = {"Control": np.random.normal(5, 1.2, 20),
          "Treatment A": np.random.normal(7, 1.5, 20),
          "Treatment B": np.random.normal(6, 1.0, 20)}

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(6, 5))
positions = range(len(groups))
for i, (name, data) in enumerate(groups.items()):
    ax.bar(i, np.mean(data), yerr=np.std(data)/np.sqrt(len(data)),
           capsize=5, color=["#4C72B0", "#DD8452", "#55A868"][i],
           edgecolor="black", alpha=0.8, width=0.6)
    # Overlay individual data points
    ax.scatter(np.full_like(data, i) + np.random.uniform(-0.15, 0.15, len(data)),
               data, color="black", s=15, alpha=0.5, zorder=5)

ax.set_xticks(positions); ax.set_xticklabels(groups.keys())
ax.set_ylabel("Measurement")

# Add significance bracket
y_max = max(max(d) for d in groups.values()) + 1
ax.plot([0, 0, 1, 1], [y_max, y_max + 0.2, y_max + 0.2, y_max], "k-", linewidth=1)
ax.text(0.5, y_max + 0.3, "**", ha="center", fontsize=14)

fig.savefig("comparison_plot.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")
print("Saved comparison_plot.png")

Key Parameters

|-----------|--------|---------|-----------------|--------|

| dpi | savefig | 100 | 72-600 | Resolution: 300 for print, 150 for web |

| s | Scatter | 20 | 1-500 | Marker size in points² |

Best Practices

Always use the OO interface (fig, ax = plt.subplots()) for production code. Reserve plt.plot() for quick interactive exploration only

Use constrained_layout=True to prevent overlapping labels and titles:

   fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5), constrained_layout=True)

Choose accessible colormaps: Use viridis, cividis, or plasma (perceptually uniform, colorblind-safe). Avoid jet and rainbow

Close figures after saving to prevent memory leaks in loops:

   plt.close(fig)  # After savefig

Set DPI appropriately: 300 for print/journal, 150 for web/slides, 72 for screen-only

Use rasterized=True for large datasets to reduce PDF/SVG file size:

   ax.scatter(x, y, rasterized=True)  # Vector labels + rasterized data

Label panels consistently: Use bold letters (A, B, C, D) at top-left of each subplot for multi-panel figures

Common Recipes

Recipe: Custom Color Palette

When to use: Consistent colors across multiple figures in a paper.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

# Define a custom palette
palette = {"control": "#4C72B0", "treatment": "#DD8452", "combo": "#55A868"}

fig, ax = plt.subplots()
for group, color in palette.items():
    ax.bar(group, [5, 7, 6][list(palette.keys()).index(group)], color=color)
plt.savefig("custom_palette.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")

Recipe: Twin Y-Axes

When to use: Plotting two variables with different scales on the same figure.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5))
x = np.arange(10)
ax1.bar(x, np.random.randint(10, 100, 10), alpha=0.7, color="steelblue", label="Count")
ax1.set_ylabel("Count", color="steelblue")

ax2 = ax1.twinx()
ax2.plot(x, np.cumsum(np.random.rand(10)), "r-o", linewidth=2, label="Cumulative")
ax2.set_ylabel("Cumulative", color="red")

fig.legend(loc="upper left", bbox_to_anchor=(0.15, 0.95))
plt.savefig("twin_axes.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")

Recipe: Inset Zoom Plot

When to use: Showing a zoomed-in region of a larger plot.

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import numpy as np

fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8, 5))
x = np.linspace(0, 10, 500)
y = np.sin(x) * np.exp(-x / 5)
ax.plot(x, y, "b-", linewidth=2)

# Inset
axins = ax.inset_axes([0.5, 0.5, 0.4, 0.4])
axins.plot(x, y, "b-", linewidth=2)
axins.set_xlim(1, 3); axins.set_ylim(0.2, 0.8)
ax.indicate_inset_zoom(axins, edgecolor="black")
plt.savefig("inset_zoom.png", dpi=300, bbox_inches="tight")

Troubleshooting

| Problem | Cause | Solution |

|---------|-------|----------|

| Overlapping labels/titles | No layout management | Add constrained_layout=True to plt.subplots() |

| UserWarning: tight_layout | Incompatible with constrained_layout | Use only one: constrained_layout OR tight_layout(), not both |

| Blurry figures in Jupyter | Low default DPI | Set %config InlineBackend.figure_format = 'retina' |

| Memory grows in loops | Figures not closed | Add plt.close(fig) after each savefig() |

| Font not found warning | Missing system font | Use plt.rcParams["font.sans-serif"] = ["DejaVu Sans"] |

| Large PDF/SVG file size | Many data points in vector | Use rasterized=True on heavy artists |

| 3D plot rotation stuck | Interactive backend issue | Use %matplotlib widget in Jupyter or plt.show() in scripts |

| Colorbar wrong size | Default sizing doesn't match axes | Use fig.colorbar(im, ax=ax, fraction=0.046, pad=0.04) |

References

matplotlib documentation — official docs
matplotlib gallery — examples by plot type
matplotlib cheatsheets — quick reference (PDF)
Hunter, J.D. (2007). Matplotlib: A 2D graphics environment. *Computing in Science & Engineering* 9(3):90-95.

How to use it

Copy the folder

Take jaechang-hits/matplotlib-scientific-plotting from the repository into ~/.claude/skills for personal use, or into .claude/skills inside a project.

Check the name does not clash

The agent identifies a skill by the name field in its header. Two skills with the same name cannot sit side by side — one of them will be ignored.

Install what it needs

The instructions reference pip. Without those the skill loads but fails at the first command.