Developer Code Organization

Code Organization

Use this reference for gh-aw code organization patterns, file structure guidelines, WASM build-variant stubs, and string sanitization/normalization conventions.

Table of Contents

• File Organization Principles
• Excellent Patterns to Follow
• File Size Guidelines
• Decision Trees
• Case Study: Refactoring Large Files
• Anti-Patterns to Avoid
• Helper File Conventions
• String Sanitization vs Normalization
• WASM Build-Variant Pattern

File Organization Principles

The codebase follows clear patterns for organizing code by functionality rather than type. This section provides guidance on maintaining code quality and structure.

Prefer Many Small Files Over Large Ones

Organize code into focused files of 100-500 lines rather than creating large monolithic files.

Example:

create_issue.go (160 lines)
create_pull_request.go (238 lines)
create_discussion.go (118 lines)

Group by Functionality, Not by Type

Recommended approach:

create_issue.go            # Issue creation logic
create_issue_test.go       # Issue creation tests
add_comment.go             # Comment addition logic
add_comment_test.go        # Comment tests

Avoid:

models.go                  # All structs
logic.go                   # All business logic
tests.go                   # All tests

Excellent Patterns to Follow

Create Functions Pattern

One file per GitHub entity creation operation:

• create_issue.go - GitHub issue creation logic
• create_pull_request.go - Pull request creation logic
• create_discussion.go - Discussion creation logic
• create_code_scanning_alert.go - Code scanning alert creation

Benefits:

• Clear separation of concerns
• Easy to locate specific functionality
• Prevents files from becoming too large
• Facilitates parallel development

Engine Separation Pattern

Each AI engine has its own file with shared helpers in engine_helpers.go:

• copilot_engine.go - GitHub Copilot engine
• claude_engine.go - Claude engine
• codex_engine.go - Codex engine
• custom_engine.go - Custom engine support
• engine_helpers.go - Shared engine utilities

Test Organization Pattern

Tests live alongside implementation files:

• Feature tests: feature.go + feature_test.go
• Integration tests: feature_integration_test.go
• Specific scenario tests: feature_scenario_test.go

File Size Guidelines

| Category | Lines | Use Case | Example |

|----------|-------|----------|---------|

| Small files | 50-200 | Utilities, simple features | args.go (65 lines) |

| Medium files | 200-500 | Most feature implementations | create_issue.go (160 lines) |

| Large files | 500-800 | Complex features | permissions.go (905 lines) |

| Very large files | 800+ | Core infrastructure only | compiler.go (1596 lines) |

Decision Tree: Creating New Files

graph TD
    A[Need to add code] --> B{New safe output type?}
    B -->|Yes| C[Create create_entity.go]
    B -->|No| D{New AI engine?}
    D -->|Yes| E[Create engine_name_engine.go]
    D -->|No| F{Current file > 800 lines?}
    F -->|Yes| G[Consider splitting by boundaries]
    F -->|No| H{Functionality independent?}
    H -->|Yes| I[Create new file]
    H -->|No| J[Add to existing file]

Decision Tree: Splitting Files

graph TD
    A[Evaluating file split] --> B{File > 1000 lines?}
    B -->|Yes| C[SHOULD split]
    B -->|No| D{File > 800 lines?}
    D -->|Yes| E[CONSIDER splitting]
    D -->|No| F{Multiple responsibilities?}
    F -->|Yes| E
    F -->|No| G{Frequent merge conflicts?}
    G -->|Yes| E
    G -->|No| H[Keep as is]

Case Study: Refactoring Large Files

The refactoring of pkg/parser/frontmatter.go demonstrates applying file organization principles to a large monolithic file.

Initial State

• Original file: 1,907 lines (monolithic structure)
• Problem: Difficult to navigate, understand, and maintain
• Goal: Split into focused, maintainable modules

Refactoring Approach

graph TD
    A[frontmatter.go<br/>1,907 LOC] --> B[ansi_strip.go<br/>108 LOC]
    A --> C[frontmatter_content.go<br/>284 LOC]
    A --> D[remote_fetch.go<br/>258 LOC]
    A --> E[workflow_update.go<br/>129 LOC]
    A --> F[frontmatter.go<br/>1,166 LOC]

    B --> G[ANSI escape<br/>sequence utilities]
    C --> H[Frontmatter<br/>parsing & extraction]
    D --> I[GitHub remote<br/>content fetching]
    E --> J[Workflow file<br/>updates]
    F --> K[Core frontmatter<br/>processing]

    style B fill:#90EE90
    style C fill:#90EE90
    style D fill:#90EE90
    style E fill:#90EE90
    style F fill:#FFE4B5

Results

| Metric | Before | After | Change |

|--------|--------|-------|--------|

| Main file size | 1,907 LOC | 1,166 LOC | -741 LOC (-39%) |

| Number of files | 1 | 5 | +4 files |

| Average file size | 1,907 LOC | 233 LOC | -88% |

| Test pass rate | 100% | 100% | No change ✓ |

| Breaking changes | N/A | 0 | None ✓ |

Modules Extracted

• ansi_strip.go (108 LOC)
• ANSI escape sequence stripping utilities
• Standalone, no dependencies
• Functions: StripANSI(), isFinalCSIChar(), isCSIParameterChar()

• frontmatter_content.go (284 LOC)
• Basic frontmatter parsing and extraction
• Pure functions without side effects
• Functions: ExtractFrontmatterFromContent(), ExtractFrontmatterString(), ExtractMarkdownContent(), etc.

• remote_fetch.go (258 LOC)
• GitHub remote content fetching
• GitHub API interactions and caching
• Functions: downloadIncludeFromWorkflowSpec(), resolveRefToSHA(), downloadFileFromGitHub()

• workflow_update.go (129 LOC)
• High-level workflow file updates
• Frontmatter manipulation and cron expression handling
• Functions: UpdateWorkflowFrontmatter(), EnsureToolsSection(), QuoteCronExpressions()

Key Principles Applied

• Single Responsibility: Each module handles one aspect of frontmatter processing
• Clear Boundaries: Well-defined interfaces between modules
• Progressive Refactoring: Extract standalone utilities first, then higher-level modules
• No Breaking Changes: Maintain public API compatibility throughout
• Test-Driven Safety: Run tests after each extraction

Remaining Work

Three complex modules remain in the original file (requiring future work):

• tool_sections.go (~420 LOC): Tool configuration extraction and merging
• include_expander.go (~430 LOC): Recursive include resolution with cycle detection
• frontmatter_imports.go (~360 LOC): BFS import traversal and processing

These remain due to high interdependency, stateful logic, and complex recursive algorithms.

Anti-Patterns to Avoid

God Files

Single file doing everything - split by responsibility instead. The frontmatter.go refactoring demonstrates how a 1,907-line "god file" can be systematically broken down.

Vague Naming

Avoid non-descriptive file names like utils.go, helpers.go, misc.go, common.go.

Use specific names like ansi_strip.go, remote_fetch.go, or workflow_update.go that clearly indicate their purpose.

Mixed Concerns

Keep files focused on one domain. Don't mix unrelated functionality in one file.

Test Pollution

Split tests by scenario rather than having one massive test file.

Premature Abstraction

Wait until you have 2-3 use cases before extracting common patterns.

Helper File Conventions

Helper files contain shared utility functions used across multiple modules. Follow these guidelines when creating or modifying helper files.

When to Create Helper Files

Create a helper file when you have:

• Shared utilities used by 3+ files in the same domain
• Clear domain focus (e.g., configuration parsing, MCP rendering, CLI wrapping)
• Stable functionality that won't change frequently

Examples of Good Helper Files:

• github_cli.go - GitHub CLI wrapping functions (ExecGH, ExecGHWithOutput)
• config_helpers.go - Safe output configuration parsing (parseLabelsFromConfig, parseTitlePrefixFromConfig)
• map_helpers.go - Generic map/type utilities (parseIntValue, filterMapKeys)
• mcp_renderer.go - MCP configuration rendering (RenderGitHubMCPDockerConfig, RenderJSONMCPConfig)

Naming Conventions

Helper file names should be specific and descriptive, not generic:

Good Names:

• github_cli.go - Indicates GitHub CLI helpers
• mcp_renderer.go - Indicates MCP rendering helpers
• config_helpers.go - Indicates configuration parsing helpers

Avoid:

• helpers.go - Too generic
• utils.go - Too vague
• misc.go - Indicates poor organization
• common.go - Doesn't specify domain

What Belongs in Helper Files

Include:

• Small (< 50 lines) utility functions used by multiple files
• Domain-specific parsing/validation functions
• Wrapper functions that simplify common operations
• Type conversion utilities

Exclude:

• Complex business logic (belongs in domain-specific files)
• Functions used by only 1-2 callers (co-locate with callers)
• Large functions (> 100 lines) - consider dedicated files
• Multiple unrelated domains in one file

Helper File Organization

Current Helper Files in pkg/workflow:

| File | Purpose | Functions | Usage |

|------|---------|-----------|-------|

| github_cli.go | GitHub CLI wrapper | 2 functions | Used by CLI commands and workflow resolution |

| config_helpers.go | Safe output config parsing | 5 functions | Used by safe output processors |

| map_helpers.go | Generic map/type utilities | 2 functions | Used across workflow compilation |

| prompt_step_helper.go | Prompt step generation | 1 function | Used by prompt generators |

| mcp_renderer.go | MCP config rendering | Multiple rendering functions | Used by all AI engines |

| engine_helpers.go | Shared engine utilities | Agent, npm install helpers | Used by Copilot, Claude, Codex engines |

When NOT to Create Helper Files

Avoid creating helper files when:

• Single caller - Co-locate with the caller instead
• Tight coupling - Function is tightly coupled to one module
• Frequent changes - Helper files should be stable
• Mixed concerns - Multiple unrelated utilities (split into focused files)

Example of co-location preference:

// Instead of: helpers.go containing formatStepName() used only by compiler.go
// Do: Put formatStepName() directly in compiler.go

Refactoring Guidelines

When refactoring helper files:

• Group by domain - MCP rendering → mcp_renderer.go, not engine_helpers.go
• Keep functions small - Large helpers (> 100 lines) may need dedicated files
• Document usage - Add comments explaining when to use each helper
• Check call sites - Ensure 3+ callers before keeping in helper file

Example: MCP Function Reorganization

The MCP rendering functions were moved from engine_helpers.go to mcp_renderer.go because:

• Domain focus: All functions relate to MCP configuration rendering
• Multiple callers: Used by Claude, Copilot, Codex, and Custom engines
• Cohesive: Functions work together to render MCP configs
• Stable: Rendering patterns don't change frequently

Before:

engine_helpers.go (478 lines)
  - Agent helpers
  - npm install helpers
  - MCP rendering functions ← Should be in mcp_renderer.go

After:

engine_helpers.go (213 lines)
  - Agent helpers
  - npm install helpers
  
mcp_renderer.go (523 lines)
  - MCP rendering functions
  - MCP configuration types

String Sanitization vs Normalization

The codebase uses two distinct patterns for string processing with different purposes.

Sanitize Pattern: Character Validity

Purpose: Remove or replace invalid characters to create valid identifiers, file names, or artifact names.

When to use: When you need to ensure a string contains only valid characters for a specific context (identifiers, YAML artifact names, filesystem paths).

What it does:

• Removes special characters that are invalid in the target context
• Replaces separators (colons, slashes, spaces) with hyphens
• Converts to lowercase for consistency
• May preserve certain characters (dots, underscores) based on configuration

Normalize Pattern: Format Standardization

Purpose: Standardize format by removing extensions, converting between conventions, or applying consistent formatting rules.

When to use: When you need to convert between different representations of the same logical entity (e.g., file extensions, naming conventions).

What it does:

• Removes file extensions (.md, .lock.yml)
• Converts between naming conventions (dashes to underscores)
• Standardizes identifiers to a canonical form
• Does NOT validate character validity (assumes input is already valid)

Function Reference

Sanitize Functions:

• SanitizeName(name string, opts *SanitizeOptions) string - Configurable sanitization with custom character preservation
• SanitizeWorkflowName(name string) string - Sanitizes workflow names for artifact names and file paths
• SanitizeIdentifier(name string) string - Creates clean identifiers for user agent strings

Normalize Functions:

• normalizeWorkflowName(name string) string - Removes file extensions to get base workflow identifier
• normalizeSafeOutputIdentifier(identifier string) string - Converts dashes to underscores for safe output identifiers

Decision Tree

graph TD
    A[Need to process a string?] --> B{Need to ensure character validity?}
    B -->|Yes| C[Use SANITIZE]
    C --> D{Artifact name / file path?}
    C --> E{Identifier / user agent?}
    C --> F{Custom requirements?}
    D --> G[SanitizeWorkflowName]
    E --> H[SanitizeIdentifier]
    F --> I[SanitizeName with options]
    B -->|No| J{Need to standardize format?}
    J -->|Yes| K[Use NORMALIZE]
    K --> L{Remove file extensions?}
    K --> M{Convert conventions?}
    L --> N[normalizeWorkflowName]
    M --> O[normalizeSafeOutputIdentifier]

Best Practices

• Choose the right tool: Use sanitize for character validity, normalize for format standardization.
• Don't double-process: If normalize produces a valid identifier, don't sanitize it again.
• Document intent: When using these functions, add comments explaining which pattern you're using and why.
• Validate assumptions: If you assume input is already valid, document that assumption.
• Consider defaults: Use SanitizeIdentifier when you need a fallback default value for empty results.

Anti-Patterns

Don't sanitize already-normalized strings:

// BAD: Sanitizing a normalized workflow name
normalized := normalizeWorkflowName("weekly-research.md")
sanitized := SanitizeWorkflowName(normalized) // Unnecessary!

Don't normalize for character validity:

// BAD: Using normalize for invalid characters
userInput := "My Workflow: Test/Build"
normalized := normalizeWorkflowName(userInput) // Wrong tool!
// normalized = "My Workflow: Test/Build" (unchanged - invalid chars remain)

WASM Build-Variant Pattern

Seven files in pkg/workflow/ provide stub implementations of OS-dependent

features for the WASM compilation target (GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm) used by the

gh-aw web playground. Each file is named with the _wasm.go suffix (Go's

implicit filename build constraint for GOARCH=wasm) and carries an

explicit //go:build js || wasm tag at line 1:

pkg/workflow/dependabot_wasm.go
pkg/workflow/docker_validation_wasm.go
pkg/workflow/git_helpers_wasm.go
pkg/workflow/github_cli_wasm.go
pkg/workflow/npm_validation_wasm.go
pkg/workflow/pip_validation_wasm.go
pkg/workflow/repository_features_validation_wasm.go

Each _wasm.go file mirrors the public/package-level function signatures of

its non-WASM counterpart but replaces OS calls (exec, filesystem, network)

with either no-ops or fmt.Errorf("... not available in Wasm") returns.

When a _wasm.go Stub is Required

Add a _wasm.go stub whenever you add a new function to an existing

_wasm.go-guarded file (or create a new file that calls OS-level tools at

compile/validation time). Specifically:

• Functions that call os/exec or run external binaries (gh, git, docker,

npm, pip, uv, etc.)

• Functions that read from the real filesystem during compilation
• Functions that perform network I/O at validation time

Functions that do not need a WASM stub:

• Pure data transformations (string manipulation, YAML marshaling)
• Functions that only operate on in-memory data structures
• Functions gated behind WithSkipValidation(true) (already excluded at

runtime, but still need to compile)

How to Add a Stub

• Identify the non-WASM file (e.g., github_cli.go).
• Open (or create) the corresponding _wasm.go file (e.g.,

github_cli_wasm.go).

• Ensure the build tag at line 1 is //go:build js || wasm.
• Add a stub with the same signature that returns a zero value and/or an

error:

   func MyNewFunction(args ...string) ([]byte, error) {
       return nil, fmt.Errorf("MyNewFunction not available in Wasm")
   }

• Verify the WASM build still compiles:

   GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm go build ./pkg/workflow/

Known Gap

github_cli_wasm.go currently omits stubs for enrichGHError,

runGHWithSpinnerContext, RunGHCombinedContext, RunGHWithHost, and

SetGHHostEnv. These are unexported helpers or thin wrappers called only

by the exported RunGH* family, which are already stubbed; the compiler

does not reference them directly. This is intentional — avoid adding stubs

for unexported helpers unless the WASM build breaks.