Biz Financial Ratios

Financial Ratio Analysis

Overview

Financial ratio analysis transforms raw financial statements into comparable metrics across five categories. Ratios are meaningful only in context — compare against industry benchmarks, historical trends, and peer companies.

When to Use

Trigger conditions:

• User has financial statements and needs to assess company health
• User comparing financial performance across companies
• User performing due diligence or credit analysis
• User asks "is this company financially healthy?" or "analyze these numbers"

When NOT to use:

• For valuation → use DCF or comparables
• For ROE deep-dive → use DuPont Analysis
• For strategic assessment → use SWOT

Framework

IRON LAW: Ratios Without Context Are Meaningless

A current ratio of 1.5 means nothing alone. Is 1.5 good? Compare to:
1. Industry average (retail ~1.2, manufacturing ~1.8)
2. Company's own trend (was it 2.0 last year? → declining liquidity)
3. Peers (competitor has 2.5? → relatively weak)

NEVER report a ratio without at least one comparison point.

IRON LAW: All Five Categories, Every Time

Analyzing only profitability misses a leveraged company about to default.
Analyzing only liquidity misses a profitable company's growth potential.
Cover all five categories for a complete picture.

The Five Categories

1. Profitability — Is the company making money?

| Ratio | Formula | Measures |

|-------|---------|----------|

| Gross Margin | (Revenue - COGS) / Revenue | Production efficiency |

| Operating Margin | EBIT / Revenue | Core business profitability |

| Net Margin | Net Income / Revenue | Bottom-line profitability |

| ROE | Net Income / Equity | Return to shareholders |

| ROA | Net Income / Total Assets | Asset productivity |

2. Liquidity — Can it pay short-term obligations?

| Ratio | Formula | Healthy |

|-------|---------|---------|

| Current Ratio | Current Assets / Current Liabilities | > 1.5 |

| Quick Ratio | (Current Assets - Inventory) / Current Liabilities | > 1.0 |

| Cash Ratio | Cash / Current Liabilities | Context-dependent |

3. Leverage — How much debt is used?

| Ratio | Formula | Measures |

|-------|---------|----------|

| Debt-to-Equity | Total Liabilities / Equity | Capital structure |

| Interest Coverage | EBIT / Interest Expense | Ability to service debt |

| Debt-to-Assets | Total Liabilities / Total Assets | Asset financing |

> ⚠️ "Debt" definition: This skill (and the bundled script) defines "Debt" in the

> leverage ratios as Total Liabilities — not "long-term debt only" or "interest-bearing

> debt only". Both alternative definitions exist in textbooks and produce materially

> different ratios. If you need a different definition, document the choice explicitly

> and compute it manually; do not silently substitute.

4. Efficiency — How well are assets used?

| Ratio | Formula | Measures |

|-------|---------|----------|

| Inventory Turnover | COGS / Avg Inventory | Inventory management |

| Receivables Turnover | Revenue / Avg Receivables | Collection speed |

| Asset Turnover | Revenue / Total Assets | Asset productivity |

| Cash Conversion Cycle | DIO + DSO - DPO | Cash cycle speed |

5. Valuation — Is the stock fairly priced?

| Ratio | Formula | Measures |

|-------|---------|----------|

| P/E | Price / EPS | Price vs earnings |

| EV/EBITDA | Enterprise Value / EBITDA | Price vs cash generation |

| P/B | Price / Book Value per Share | Price vs net assets |

| Dividend Yield | Dividend per Share / Price | Income return |

Analysis Process

• Calculate all relevant ratios from financial statements
• Compare against industry benchmarks and 3-year trend
• Identify red flags (declining trends, outliers vs peers)
• Synthesize a financial health verdict across all five categories
• Recommend actions based on weak areas

Output Format

> ⚠️ Decimal vs percent: The bundled script returns all profitability ratios

> (gross_margin, operating_margin, net_margin, roa, roe) as decimals —

> 0.35 means 35%, NOT 35.0. Liquidity and leverage ratios are already unitless

> multiples (e.g. current_ratio: 2.125). Render percentages only in the human-facing

> markdown report, never in JSON outputs.

# Financial Ratio Analysis: {Company}

## Summary Dashboard
| Category | Status | Key Metric |
|----------|--------|-----------|
| Profitability | 🟢/🟡/🔴 | {headline ratio} |
| Liquidity | 🟢/🟡/🔴 | {headline ratio} |
| Leverage | 🟢/🟡/🔴 | {headline ratio} |
| Efficiency | 🟢/🟡/🔴 | {headline ratio} |
| Valuation | 🟢/🟡/🔴 | {headline ratio} |

## Detailed Ratios
{Tables per category with ratio, value, industry avg, trend}

## Red Flags
- {specific concern with data}

## Overall Assessment
{Synthesized financial health verdict}

Examples

Correct Application

Scenario: Ratio analysis for a Taiwanese electronics manufacturer

| Ratio | Company | Industry | Trend | Flag |

|-------|---------|----------|-------|------|

| Gross Margin | 18% | 22% | ↓ from 21% | 🔴 Below peers, declining |

| Current Ratio | 1.8 | 1.5 | → stable | 🟢 Adequate |

| D/E | 1.2 | 0.8 | ↑ from 0.9 | 🟡 Rising leverage |

| Inventory Turnover | 4.2x | 6.0x | ↓ from 5.1x | 🔴 Slow inventory |

Synthesis: Profitability weakening + inventory building up + leverage rising = potential working capital crisis ahead ✓

Incorrect Application

• Reported "Gross Margin 18%" as standalone fact → No comparison. Is 18% good or bad? Violates Iron Law: ratios without context.
• Only analyzed profitability ratios, missed D/E of 4.5x → Company appeared healthy by margins but was dangerously overleveraged. Violates Iron Law: all five categories.

Gotchas

• Industry matters enormously: A 5% net margin is terrible for software (expect 20-30%) but excellent for grocery retail (expect 2-3%). Always benchmark within industry.
• One-time items: Restructuring charges, asset sales, or legal settlements distort ratios for that period. Use adjusted figures or note the distortion.
• Seasonal businesses: Ratios at different quarter-ends tell different stories. Use trailing 12-month or compare same quarter YoY.
• Off-balance-sheet items: Operating leases (pre-IFRS 16), special purpose vehicles, and contingent liabilities may not appear in standard ratios. Check footnotes.
• Growth companies look "unhealthy": High-growth companies often have low profitability, high leverage, and negative cash flow by design. Context matters.

Scripts

| Script | Description | Usage |

|--------|-------------|-------|

| scripts/financial_ratios.py | Compute standard liquidity, leverage, profitability, and efficiency ratios | python scripts/financial_ratios.py --help |

Run python scripts/financial_ratios.py --verify to execute built-in sanity tests.

References

• For industry-specific benchmark ranges, see references/industry-benchmarks.md
• For DuPont deep-dive on ROE, see the biz-dupont skill